Effect of chemical phosphorylation on solubility of buffalo milk proteins

Buffalo milk proteins (casein, co-precipitate or whey protein concentrate) were phosphorylated with phosphorus oxychloride (POCl₃) at three different pH values (5.0, 7.0 and 9.0). The solubilities of phosphorylated milk proteins were examined over the pH range 3.0–9.0 in water and ionic (0.1 m NaCl or 10–70 mm Ca²⁺) systems. The solubilities of buffalo milk proteins decreased at pH 3.0, while there was an increase in the solubilities of casein and co-precipitate near their isoelectric points upon phosphorylation. Solubilities of these phosphorylated milk proteins were pH dependent in 0.1 m NaCl but there was a decrease in their solubilities with increase in calcium ion concentration. This alteration could be due to the shifting of isoionic points of phosphorylated buffalo milk proteins towards acidic pH.     

水产品中常见酚类化合物检测方法研究进展

作为当前被广泛关注的水体污染物之一,酚类化合物分布广泛、种类繁多、危害性高。酚类化合物不仅可通过生活饮用水直接进入人体,也可经水体及水体微生物转移到水产品中,在水产品中富集,并通过食物链对人体造成潜在的危害,因此对水产品中酚类化合物的研究具有极其重要的意义。本研究综合调研了水产品中常见酚类化合物的研究现状,重点聚焦了常见酚类化合物相关检测技术进展,以期探寻便捷、高效、灵敏的酚类化合物检测技术,为研究和制定水产品中酚类化合物检测方法标准提供依据。     

Sensitivity of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 to organic acids and thermal inactivation in liquid egg products

A mixture of four Salmonella typhimurium DT104 strains and a mixture of four S. typhimurium non-DT104 strains were examined for their ability to grow in tryptic soy broth (TSB) acidified with acetic, lactic, citric, or malic acids at pH 5·4, 4·4, and 3·7. Significantly (P<0·05) higher numbers of S. typhimurium DT104 cells were detected at pH 4·4 and 4·0 in TSB acidified with acetic acid and at pH 4·4 and 3·7 in TSB acidified with lactic acid compared to non-DT104 cells. Acid-shocked and non-shocked (control) cells were plated on TSA (pH 7·3) acidified with lactic acid at pH 5·4, 4·4, and 4·0 and on TSA (pH 7·0±0·2) containing 0·5, 2·5, and 5% sodium chloride. Populations of acid-shockedS. typhimurium DT104 and non DT104 cells recovered on acidified or salt-supplemented TSA were significantly (P<0·05) lower than those of non-shocked cells. A significantly lower number of acid-shocked non-DT104 cells recovered on TSA at pH 5·4, compared to acid-shocked DT104 cells, suggests that DT104 cells may be more resistant to acid shock and subsequent exposure to acid pH. D values and z values of acid-shocked or non-shocked cells of DT104 and non-DT104 strains in liquid whole egg (WE), egg yolk (EY), egg white (EW), whole egg+10% salt (WES), and egg yolk+10% salt (EYS) were determined. Differences in thermal sensitivity of the two types of cells were few. Rates of thermal inactivation of S. typhimurium DT104 cells indicate that the USDA pasteurization process would eliminate >8 log₁₀cfu ml⁻¹of EW heated at 57°C and >11 log₁₀cfu ml⁻¹of WE, EY, WES, or EYS heated at 61°C. D values of acid-shocked DT104 and non-DT104 cells heated in liquid egg products were significantly (P<0·05) lower than those of respective non-shocked cells.     

An immunoassay for ochratoxin A without the mycotoxin

Phage display peptide libraries allow the selection of new molecules capable of mimicking the structural and functional features of native proteins or chemicals. This technology can be applied to developing new reagents, which may serve as the surrogate of the original objects. In order to screen peptides capable of mimicking ochratoxin A (OTA) in the interaction with anti-OTA monoclonal antibody (McAb) and establish the immunoassay for OTA, an anti-OTA McAb was used as the target for panning-elution selection from a phage random seven-peptide library. After four rounds of panning, 11 phages were found to be able to mimic OTA in binding with the antibody. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for detecting OTA was established with the phages. In the most sensitive assay, the linear range of the inhibition curve was 200–8000 pg/ml; the detection limit was 150 pg/ml. The inserted peptide sequences were deduced by DNA sequencing. The common amino acid residue sequence was IR(V)PMV(L)XX (X is any amino acid residues), which was verified by two synthesized peptides. The results demonstrated that those phage peptides could be used as the surrogate of OTA to establish the immunoassay.     

冷链条件下马鲛鱼优势腐败菌生长动力学研究及货架期预测

为快速预测冷链马鲛鱼在不同冷链物流温度下优势腐败菌生长动态及货架期,进行了马鲛鱼0,4,10℃下3种典型冷链温度的贮藏模拟试验,分析了马鲛鱼不同温度下的菌落总数、希瓦氏菌数和假单胞菌数以及各个温度下马鲛鱼货架期终点时的挥发性盐基氮含量和感官评定质量指数,采用修正的Gompertz和Belehradek方程建立了冷链马鲛鱼中优势腐败菌在0~10℃的一级、二级生长预测模型与货架期预测模型。结果表明,修正的Gompertz方程能准确表达马鲛鱼在3种贮藏温度下假单胞菌的生长规律,拟合度R^2高达0.99,采用Belehradek方程描述温度对最大比生长速率(μ_max)和延滞期(λ)的影响呈现良好的线性关系,相关性R^2>0.90。进一步用贮藏于2,8℃马鲛鱼中假单胞菌数来验证模型的可靠性,偏差度为1.010 4~1.024 5,准确度为1.026 8~1.038 7,货架期预测模型的相对误差绝对值为6.09%~8.95%。     

鱼油精炼副产物中EPA和DHA的回收工艺研究

以鱼油精炼副产物的皂脚和固脂为原料,采用酸催化乙酯工艺回收皂脚、碱催化乙酯工艺回收固脂,结果表明:酸催化回收皂脚时无水乙醇/脂肪酸为0.8 mL/g,硫酸/脂肪酸为0.09 mL/g,78℃下反应4 h,鱼油乙酯化得率达到97%;碱催化回收固脂时无水乙醇用量0.6 mL/g,NaOH用量3%,78℃下反应3 h,鱼油乙酯化得率达到94.5%。以酸、碱催化得到的乙酯化鱼油为原料,分别经二次三级分子蒸馏和一次尿素包合,产品中EPA、DHA的总质量分数分别可达到78.42%和76.15%。     

High hydrogen peroxide concentration-low exposure time of plasma-activated water (PAW): A novel approach for shelf-life extension of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) steak

A new method for using plasma-activated water (PAW; 100 ppm H₂O₂) to improve the cold (4 °C) shelf-stability of Asian sea bass steaks (ASBS) was established. Soaking with PAW, created utilizing oxygen and argon, for 30–120 s successfully extended the shelf-life of ASBS by suppressing microbial growths below the permissible level (7 log CFU/g) for 25 days, whereas control reached the microbiological limit after 10 days (p < 0.05). PAW-treated samples had lower accumulation rates of total volatile base nitrogen (< 25 mg/100 g), trimethylamine (< 5 mg/100 g), and propanal (< 400 nmol/g) than control (p < 0.05). PAW improved lipid stability (TBARS <2 mg/kg) but promoted protein oxidation (protein carbonyl ~0.01–0.02 nmol/mg). Hardness and water holding capacity of PAW treatments were better preserved during storage than control as indicated by higher breaking force and lesser expressible moisture drip. Although metmyoglobin tended to stay stable during storage, all treatments' surface total color change tended to increase by 2–5 folds. Overall, argon-produced PAW with 100 ppm H₂O₂ and a short soaking time (30 s) seemed to be a promising method for protecting the quality and safety of ASBS.     

Mechanistic insights into the catalytic reaction of plant allene oxide synthase (pAOS) via QM and QM/MM calculations

QM cluster and QM/MM protein models have been employed to understand aspects of the reaction mechanism of plant allene oxide synthase (pAOS). In this study we have investigated two reaction mechanisms for pAOS. The standard pAOS mechanism was contrasted with an alternative involving an additional active site molecule which has been shown to facilitate proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) in related systems. Firstly, we found that the results from QM/MM protein model are comparable with those from the QM cluster model, presumably due to the large active site used. Furthermore, the results from the QM cluster model show that the Fe^III and Fe^IV pathways for the standard mechanism have similar energetic and structural properties, indicating that the reaction mechanism may well proceed via both pathways. However, while the PCET process is facilitated by an additional active site bound water in other related families, in pAOS it is not, suggesting this type of process is not general to all closely related family members.     

The performance of sintered TiO2-x electrodes and the electrochemical polymerization of O-phenylene diamine at surface imperfections

TiO_2-x electrodes were fabricated under atmospheric conditions using the ceramic method at 1400°C. Photoelectrochemical and capacitance measurements permitted verification of the relation of the performance of such electrodes to the presence of surface imperfections. The electropolymerization of o-phenylene diamine ( OPD ) on TiO_2-x ceramic electrodes in the dark was investigated and compared with the electropolymerization of OPD on smooth platinum electrodes. The results indicate that polymerization occurs only on the surface imperfections of the TiO_2-x semiconductor and effectively blocks the electrode surface and prevents electron exchange with the solution. The photoelectrical response of electrodes subjected to this treatment shows the decrease of the dark current intensity in the potential region of oxygen adsorption in comparison with untreated electrodes. The flat band potential determined from Mott-Schottky plots did not correlate well with the potential for the onset of anodic photocurrent and photopotential. Evidence for the electrochemical incorporation of hydrogen in the oxide and oxide surface reduction are discussed.