Ball milling improves extractability and antioxidant properties of the active constituents of mushroom Inonotus obliquus powders

Inonotus obliquus has been used as a folk remedy for a long time. An improved method using fine grinding by ball mill was investigated, and the main chemical components and physicochemical properties of Inonotus obliquus powders were analysed. The Inonotus obliquus fine grinding powders were prepared by pulverising the coarse powder with planetary ball mill for different time. The results showed that the yields of polysaccharides increased from 41.08 mg g^?1 (coarse powder) to 319.62 mg g^?1, and the yields of polyphenols were also increased fourfold in ball‐milled powders as compared to the untreated one. Ball‐milled powders showed higher values in the bulk density, angles of repose and slide, water solubility index and swelling capacity (P < 0.05), but lower values in the water‐holding capacity and oil‐holding capacity. The shape and surface morphology of the powders were changed after ball mill treatment. The antioxidant properties of the extracts from ball‐milled powders were significantly improved (P < 0.05). The results will be helpful for the application of Inonotus obliquus in food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Physicochemical characterisation,digestibility and anticonstipation activity of some high‐resistant untraditional starches from zingiberaceae plants

To find new starch sources with particular characteristics, five untraditional starches from zingiberaceae plants were studied about their physicochemical properties, digestibility and anticonstipation activity and compared with starches from traditional sources (potato and corn). All the five starches presented the shape of triangular, with visible thin sheet, which were significantly different from conventional sources. The crystal type of these five starches was B‐type pattern. Swelling power at 75 °C was negatively correlated with crystallinity. There was no significant difference in amylose content between starches from rhizome and tuber of Curcuma phaeocaulis Val., while they displayed significant variability in RS content. Starches from rhizome of Curcuma kwangsiensis, Curcuma wenyujin, Curcuma phaeocaulis Val. and Curcuma longa L. possessed much higher resistant starch content (range from 87.06% to 95.40%) and could better prevent constipation than potato and corn starches, which made them potential for managing diabetes and improving defecation conditions.     

Real-time TaqMan PCR for quantitative detection of cows’ milk in ewes’ milk mixtures

A real-time PCR based on the amplification of a fragment of the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene was developed and evaluated for the detection and quantification of cows’ milk in raw and heat-treated cow/sheep milk mixtures. The method combines the use of cow-specific primers that amplify a 252 bp fragment from cow DNA, and mammalian-specific primers amplifying a 428 bp fragment from mammalian species DNA, which is used as an endogenous control. The method measures PCR product accumulation through a 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled fluorogenic probe (TaqMan). A comparison of the cycle number at which mammalian and cow-specific PCR products were first detected, in combination with the use of reference standards of known bovine content, allowed the determination of the percentage of cows’ milk in mixtures. Experimental raw and heat-treated binary mixtures were analyzed, demonstrating the specificity and sensitivity of the assay for detection and quantification of cows’ milk in the range 0.5–10%.     

Grüneisen parameters of a hexagonal close-packed lattice

A program has been developed to study the effect of central forces on the Grüneisen parameters of a hexagonal close-packed lattice. Calculations are presented for the normal modes, the contributions to the Grüneisen parameters, polarization vectors and the two independent effective Grüneisen parameters, γ′ and γ″, for this lattice as a function of T/θ_D.     

Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Capacity of 3 Polysaccharides from Green Tea, Oolong Tea, and Black Tea

ABSTRACT:  Three polysaccharide-rich fractions named GTPS, OTPS, and BTPS were isolated from green tea, oolong tea, and black tea, respectively. Chemical characteristics, glycosidase inhibitory effects, and antioxidant properties of the 3 fractions were compared. Monosaccharides of GTPS were composed of D-rhamnose, L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-mannose, D-galactose, and D-glucose. But there were no xylose and mannose detected in OTPS and BTPS. The molecular weight distributions were decreased from 9.2 to 251.5 KDa to 3.8 to 32.7 KDa with the fermentation of the tea from green tea to black tea. BTPS showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activities on hydroxyl radicals and DPPH radicals. The differences in antioxidant activities and glycosidase inhibitory properties among the 3 polysaccharide-rich fractions appeared to be related to differences in monosaccharide composition and molecular weight distribution of the polysaccharide.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the primary threats to human health due to its increasing prevalence, chronic course, and disabling complications. Control of postprandial hyperglycemia and inhibition of oxidative stress are suggested to be important in the treatment of diabetes. Many efforts had been made to search for effective and safe α-glucosidase inhibitors and antioxidants from natural materials to develop a physiological functional food or lead compounds for curing diabetes. Coarse tea was used to cure diabetics in people in China and Japan. The hypoglycemic activity increased with the contents of polysaccharide in coarse tea. Many studies have focused on the hypoglycemic activities of tea polysaccharides, but little is known about the glycosidase inhibitory effects of tea polysaccharide. The aim of this study was to find a tea polysaccharide with the best potential for exploitation in curing diabetes.     

尼莫地平PLGA微球的制备方法改良及其特性研究

用乳化 溶剂挥发法制备尼莫地平（nimodipine,NMP）PLGA微球,在油相中引入石油醚与二氯甲烷作混合溶剂,考察了石油醚对微球性质的影响。石油醚与二氯甲烷的不同体积比（0,1∶10,1∶8,1∶4和1∶2）可调节微球的固化速率,从而得到不同特性的载药微球。混合比为1∶10时,微球突释效应减轻,包封率显著提高。以PLGA浓度、投药比及混合溶剂比为考察因素进行了正交优化设计。结果表明优化后微球包封率提高52.2%,突释率降低58.8%,药物以无定形态存在于微球中,与单一溶剂组相比,微球形态有较大改善,微球缓释效应显著增强。     

溶析结晶提纯阿维菌素

[目的]工业中要通过多次重结晶提纯阿维菌素才能得到纯度较高的产品,生产成本大.提出阿维菌素提纯的溶析结晶工艺,减少操作成本.[方法]通过高效液相色谱法和显微镜观察法考察不同溶剂和溶析剂对产品纯度、杂质含量以及产品晶习的影响.[结果]通过1次溶析结晶产品B1纯度可以达到95％以上.得到的产品一般是粒状或者棱柱状.[结论]乙酸乙酯为溶剂、乙醇为溶析剂得到的产品B1纯度最高,而丙酮作溶剂、水为溶析剂对某些杂质有更好的去除效果.溶析结晶得到的产品一般是粒状或者棱柱状,相对冷却结晶得到的针状晶体有利于后续过滤、洗涤、干燥等过程.     

Immobilization of penicillin G acylase onto amino-modified silica hydrogel

Amino-modified silica hydrogel (N-MSHG) was prepared by a simple sol-gel processing via the co-condensation of commercial silica sol with 3-aminopropyltrie-oxysilane. Penicillin G acylase (PGA), a model enzyme, was covalently immobilized onto the N-MSHG and then was used for the enzymatic synthesis of amoxicillin. The samples were characterized by Nitrogen sorption analysis, FT-IR and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the amino-modified gel was a mesoporous material with an average pore size of 12.64±0.17nm. The immobilization process was efficient and the immobilized enzyme showed high catalytic efficiency. The yield of the synthesis of amoxicillin in aqueous media was 38% for 2.5h. This sol-gel preparation is simple and shows prominent potential value in industrial processing.