Extracellular Vesicles and Asthma—More Than Just a Co-Existence

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures, which are secreted by almost every cell type analyzed so far. In addition to their importance for cell-cell communication under physiological conditions, EVs are also released during pathogenesis and mechanistically contribute to this process. Here we summarize their functional relevance in asthma, one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases. Asthma is a complex persistent inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction and, from a long-term perspective, airway remodeling. Overall, mechanistic studies summarized here indicate the importance of different subtypes of EVs and their variable cargoes in the functioning of the pathways underlying asthma, and show some interesting potential for the development of future therapeutic interventions. Association studies in turn demonstrate a good diagnostic potential of EVs in asthma.     

发展我国电动汽车的对策

本文根据目前国内外的最新资料，论述了电动汽车的优缺点，介绍了我国电动汽车发展状况，文章从当前电动汽车已达到的技术水平和我国环境污染、能源短缺的实际需要出发，提出了发展我国电动汽车的对策．     

In Vitro Characterization of Neutralizing Hen Antibodies to Coxsackievirus A16

Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Children aged <5 years are the most affected by CA16 HFMD globally. Although clinical symptoms of CA16 infections are usually mild, severe complications, such as aseptic meningitis or even death, have been recorded. Currently, no vaccine or antiviral therapy for CA16 infection exists. Single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies significantly inhibit viral infection and could be a potential treatment for controlling the infection. In this study, scFv phage display libraries were constructed from splenocytes of a laying hen immunized with CA16-infected lysate. The pComb3X vector containing the scFv genes was introduced into ER2738 Escherichia coli and rescued by helper phages to express scFv molecules. After screening with five cycles of bio-panning, an effective scFv antibody showing favorable binding activity to proteins in CA16-infected lysate on ELISA plates was selected. Importantly, the selected scFv clone showed a neutralizing capability against the CA16 virus and cross-reacted with viral proteins in EV71-infected lysate. Intriguingly, polyclonal IgY antibody not only showed binding specificity against proteins in CA16-infected lysate but also showed significant neutralization activities. Nevertheless, IgY-binding protein did not cross-react with proteins in EV71-infected lysate. These results suggest that the IgY- and scFv-binding protein antibodies provide protection against CA16 viral infection in in vitro assays and may be potential candidates for treating CA16 infection in vulnerable young children.     

基于WNN与FCM的电动汽车动态充电负荷预测方法

随着电动汽车动态无线充电(EV-DWC)技术的发展,针对目前EV-DWC负荷建模理论工作不全面的现状,以交通流量作为影响充电负荷的主要因素,以天气、典型日期、季节等因素为次要影响因素,根据路况建立负荷模型,通过电动汽车型号和状态的聚类不同对汽车分配不同的功率,完成动态充电负荷的建立。采用小波神经网络(WNN)对时序信息进行处理预测,再同误差反向传播神经网络(BPNN)相结合预测充电道路上的车流,短期车流预测精度为85%,用模糊C聚类(FCM)算法对电动汽车的充电类型以及该类型所对应的充电功率进行划分,将进入充电道路的电动汽车分为7种类型。根据各种充电类型分配相应的充电功率,完成日负荷建模。     

Android平台下AOA协议的PWM控制系统

Android开放配件(AOA)协议是一种Android终端通过USB总线与Android配件进行通信的协议,该协议为Android终端应用于设备控制和数据采集领域提供了条件。在一些设备控制应用中,有采用Android设备作为控制终端的需求。针对该问题,提出了一个通过Android手机控制Android配件UMFT311EV开发板生成PWM信号的系统。系统基于Android开放配件协议,通过操作Android手机界面控制PWM信号的周期和占空比。首先介绍了系统构成,然后给出了Android终端软件的具体实现,最后以驱动舵机为例进行系统测试。系统实现了Android手机产生参数可控的PWM信号。     

基于双向出行链的电动汽车平抑电网波动策略

针对电动汽车(electric vehicle,EV)时空转移随机性造成的电网波动问题,计及车主的性别差异、车主实时出行目的地不同和车辆双向行驶,提出了一种基于出行随机性双向出行链的EV充放电调度策略。考虑车主实际出行过程,建立EV双向出行链模型;考虑到男女车主出行过程中的性别差异,确定男女实时出行概率模型;以降低电网的波动为目标函数,考虑车主实时出行需求和EV实时荷电状态(state of change,SOC)建立调度模型,并依据所建立模型对EV进行充放电调度。在约280 m²的区域进行仿真分析,结果表明：双向出行链模型更接近用户实际出行规律,其调度策略能够在满足用户实际出行需求的同时,更好地抑制电网波动性。     

计及电价不确定性和容量衰减的电动汽车充放电商业模式

电动汽车作为移动储能设施,可以通过开展车网协同,促进电力系统的稳定。随着电动汽车的迅速发展,如何设计电动汽车充放电的商业模式成为亟须解决的问题。鉴于此,设计了电动汽车聚合商单独参与现货市场、联合参与现货市场及辅助服务市场2种模式。同时,考虑到电价不确定性和电池容量衰减的影响,对2种模式开展经济性测算和多因素敏感性分析。算例结果表明,电动汽车聚合商联合参与现货市场及辅助服务市场模式的经济性要优于单独参与现货市场模式。在该研究结果的基础上,设计现阶段电动汽车聚合商参与电力市场的商业方案。     

考虑电动汽车集群时空能量可调控特性的交直流混合配电网紧急优化调度

针对交直流混合配电网存在强随机性分布式电源接入、电力电子变流器的过载能力受限的特点,提出了考虑电动汽车(EV)集群时空能量可调控特性的交直流混合配电网紧急优化调度方法。基于负荷在紧急状态下的响应特性差异建立紧急响应负荷模型,基于紧急优化调度的实际需要和EV集群中各单元的荷电状态、并离网状态差异性特点建立EV聚合商紧急调控模型;综合考虑调度单元的经济性与系统可靠性,建立紧急优化调度模型;基于改进的IEEE 33节点交直流混合配电网构建2种故障场景,基于最差净负荷功率曲线进行优化求解,并将EV集群与容量相当的传统储能的紧急优化调度结果进行对比,结果验证了所提方法的灵活性、有效性及经济优越性。     

考虑车主多模式需求响应模糊意愿的优化调度策略

现代电动汽车(electrical vehicle, EV)用户需求响应具有多样性和意愿模糊性的特点,当实施单一激励政策时,EV响应将达不到预期效果。为此,提出了考虑车主多模式需求响应及其模糊意愿的含EV微电网的主从博弈优化调度策略。微电网主体针对净负荷制定多模式动态电价激励政策,引导EV在多模式电价中做出选择,促进EV有序充放电,实现其净负荷均方差和运行成本最小。车主从体基于模糊逻辑推理意愿决策,响应多模式动态电价,极小化车主成本。采用非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)求解优化模型,获得最优多模式动态电价和EV充放电策略。仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Battery charge equalization circuit with a multi-winding transformer

This study proposes a battery charge equalization circuit with a multi-winding transformer. A full-bridge converter with soft switching is applied at the primary side of a multi-winding transformer for reducing the switching loss and increasing the system efficiency. A voltage doubler type rectifier is used at the secondary side of multi-winding transformer to decrease the number of transformer windings and the conduction loss. The important advantages of the proposed circuit include the following: The charge current is limited by the transformer leakage inductance without any choke inductor, and charge equalization is realized by adjusting the transformer’s turn ratio. A measurement index, charge equalization performance (C.E.P.), is introduced for the performance measurement of the charge equalization method. In experiments, four LiFePO₄ battery modules are connected in series and discharged at different C-rates. The experimental results show that the discharging time of the series-connected battery modules can be greatly increased using the proposed battery charge equalization circuit.