电力潮流灵活控制技术应用综述

统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller,UPFC)、静止同步串联补偿器(static synchronous series compensator,SSSC)、可控串联补偿装置(thyristor controlled series compensation,TCSC)和移相器(phase-shifting transformer,PST)能够调节线路参数、灵活控制潮流变化,均已在国内外电网中实现工程应用,对均衡输电通道潮流、提升供电能力有重要作用。文中对UPFC、SSSC、TCSC和PST的理论研究和工程实践进行了综述。首先,分析了4种潮流控制装置的基本结构和控制原理,并介绍了国内外已投运工程的运行情况;其次,从结构、换流器技术、选址定容、控制策略、故障保护5个方面对潮流控制装置的关键技术研究现状进行概述;最后,展望了潮流控制装置在未来电网中的典型应用场景,并对潮流控制技术的研究方向进行了分析。     

Adaptive RTRL based neurocontroller for damping subsynchronous oscillations using TCSC

Modern interconnected electrical power systems are complex and require perfect planning, design and operation. Hence the recent trends towards restructuring and deregulation of electric power supply has put great emphasis on the system operation and control. Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices such as thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) are capable of controlling power flow, improving transient stability and mitigating subsynchronous resonance (SSR). In this paper an adaptive neurocontroller is designed for controlling the firing angle of TCSC to damp subsynchronous oscillations. This control scheme is suitable for non-linear system control, where the exact linearised mathematical model of the system is not required. The proposed controller design is based on real time recurrent learning (RTRL) algorithm in which the neural network (NN) is trained in real time. This control scheme requires two sets of neural networks. The first set is a recurrent neural network (RNN) which is a fully connected dynamic neural network with all the system outputs fed back to the input through a delay. This neural network acts as a neuroidentifier to provide a dynamic model of the system to evaluate and update the weights connected to the neurons. The second set of neural network is the neurocontroller which is used to generate the required control signals to the thyristors in TCSC. This is a single layer neural network. Performance of the system with proposed neurocontroller is compared with two linearised controllers, a conventional controller and with a discrete linear quadratic Gaussian (DLQG) compensator which is an optimal controller. The linear controllers are designed based on a linearised model of the IEEE first benchmark system for SSR studies in which a modular high bandwidth (six-samples per cycle) linear time-invariant discrete model of TCSC is interfaced with the rest of the system. In the proposed controller, since the response time is highly dependent on the number of states of the system, it is often desirable to approximate the system by its reduced model. By using standard Hankels norm approximation technique, the system order is reduced from 27 to 11th order by retaining the dominant dynamic characteristics of the system. To validate the proposed controller, computer simulation using MATLAB is performed and the simulation studies show that this controller can provide simultaneous damping of swing mode as well as torsional mode oscillations, which is difficult with a conventional controller. Moreover the fast response of the system can be used for real-time applications. The performance of the controller is tested for different operating conditions.     

双TCR支路型TCSC基波阻抗特性和控制策略仿真研究

为了满足电力系统对特高压线路可控性和安全性的要求,可以在特高压线路上加装TCSC(Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor)。而特高压的高电压和大电流对TCSC造成了考验,即大幅度提高TCSC的额定电流时,流过晶闸管阀支路的电流随之增加,有可能超过晶闸管的通流能力极限。提出在单TCR(Thyristor Controlled Reactor)支路型TCSC结构上,再增加一条TCR支路实现对大电流分流。TCR支路增加了控制复杂性,首先由于阀控电抗器的制造误差、测量误差等的存在,会引起流过两条TCR支路电流不均流,严重时损坏阀体,故需要增加均流的控制措施;其次阻抗表是TCSC实现阻抗跟踪的基础,计及均流要求的阻抗解析算法复杂度高。在研究双TCR型TCSC基波阻抗特性的基础上,提出了求取阻抗表的简便方法。     

Investigation of different load changes in wind farm by using FACTS devices

In this study, voltage, active power and reactive power variation of load bus were examined by Flexible AC Transmission Systems devices (FACTS) in grid-connected wind farm. In the system, FACTS devices, Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM), Static VAr Compensators (SVC), Static Synchronous Series Compensators (SSSC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators (TCSC), were used. Also, dual feed induction generator (DFIG) was used as generator in the wind farm. This simulation study was done via Matlab/Simulink environment. According to different values of active and reactive loads at different times being attached to the system, shapes of load bus voltage, active power and reactive power variation were given, also the results were presented in tables. In the conclusion of this study, by means of FACTS devices that is used in the wind farm, instability was healed within a short time.     

可控串补在天平500kV交流输变电工程中的应用

通过对天平500kV线路可控串补系统控制及保护模块的介绍,剖析了该可控串补系统固定式常规串补(FSC)和动态式可控串补(TCSC)的控制和触发过程及保护原理,强调随着可控硅、氧化锌非线性电阻等先进技术的研发和应用,串补技术在电网系统尤其是超高压远距离输电系统中的应用前景广阔。     

基于协同控制理论的TCSC控制器设计

提出了一种利用协同控制理论设计可控串联补偿电容器(TCSC)控制器的方案,并以单机无穷大系统为例进行了仿真试验。仿真结果表明,所提出的方法可以提高系统的暂态稳定性,有效地阻尼系统的振荡。     

相控电容器式可控串补特性分析

揭示了相控电抗器式可控串补与相控电容器式可控串补的对偶特征。用对偶原理阐述了相控电容器式可控串补的性能及相控特点。分析说明了串补电容器、GTO网的电流电压峰值与串补线路电流峰值、串补电容器的工频容抗值之间的关系，这对于理论上确认相控电容器式可控串补的优越性非常重要。阐述了相控电容器式可控串补具有阻尼次同步谐振和抑制低频功率振荡的能力；相控电抗器式可控串补装置的动态性能是一个其时间常数不大于工频0．25周期的一阶惯性环节。     

用于TCSC阻抗控制的积分投切式PID控制方法

可控串补(TCSC)的阻抗控制是整个串补装置成功与否的关键。文中分析了常规比例积分微分(PID)控制在命令阻抗从不同阻抗阶跃到同一阻抗时鲁棒性不好的原因，得出了常规PID控制的效果主要与接到阻抗阶跃命令后命令阻抗和测量阻抗所包围的第一块面积有关的结论，并据此提出了一种实用的积分投切式PID阻抗控制方法。该方法在接到阻抗阶跃命令后切除积分环节，而在测量阻抗第一次超越命令阻抗时才投入积分环节。与常规PID控制的仿真结果比较表明，该方法在响应各种阻抗阶跃命令时具有较强的鲁棒性、良好的动态和静态性能，能满足工程要求。     

基于在线辨识的可控串补自适应控制

以三峡-万县500kV线路可控串补(TCSC)工程为背景，以抑制互联系统低频振荡为目的，提出了基于在线辨识的自适应移相式控制器。该控制器采用Prony方法在线辨识主振荡频率，并据此修改相位补偿环节参数，以消除频率变化对控制策略的不利影响，保证输出有适当的相位；在控制器中采用自动增益调节器，可在电力系统大振荡时用大增益控制，以充分发挥TCSC抑制振荡的能力，在振荡减小后则根据在线信息自动降低增益系数。文中对该控制器与固定串补(FSC)进行了比较，比较结果证明其性能优于后者。这表明该控制器对大电网互联系统低频振荡有良好的抑制作用，对运行条件和故障形式有很好的适应性及鲁棒性。控制器达到了系统对稳定性的要求，三一万线系统的仿真研究也验证了这一点。     

Reduced order H∞ TCSC controller & PSO optimized fuzzy PSS design in mitigating small signal oscillations in a wide range

This paper proposes hybrid control schemes for compensation of parametric and non-parametric uncertainties arising in modern power systems. The robust loop shaping design procedure considering non-parametric uncertainty term is used to design H_∞ TCSC. To further enhance steady state stability, and consider the effect of parametric uncertainties occurring due to variation in loading conditions, robust TCSC is supplemented with three types of PSS i.e. PSO-PID PSS, PSO Mamdani FPSS and PSO TS FPSS. PSO is used to optimize the parameters of PID based and Fuzzy type PSS. The proposed hybrid control schemes are found to compensate uncertainty well by stabilizing the power system over whole parametric uncertainty range. However, the proposed hybrid controller involving robust TCSC and PSO-Takagi–Sugeno FPSS shows best performance with enhanced steady state stability among all schemes. Also the T–S FPSS performs better as compared to Mamdani FPSS.