Effects of choline chloride on the ruminal microbiome at 2 dietary neutral detergent fiber concentrations in continuous culture

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of unprotected choline chloride (Cho) on the ruminal microbiome at 2 dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations. We hypothesized that the effects of Cho on ruminal bacterial populations would depend on NDF. Eight dual-flow continuous-culture fermentors were arranged in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square as a 2 × 2 factorial with the following treatments: (1) 30% NDF-control (30% NDF diet, no supplemental choline); (2) 30% NDF-Cho (30% NDF diet plus 1.9 g of choline ion per kg of dry matter); (3) 40% NDF-control (40% NDF diet, no supplemental choline); and (4) 40% NDF-Cho (40% NDF diet plus 1.9 g of choline ion per kg of dry matter). We did 4 fermentation periods of 10 d each and used the last 3 d for collection of samples of solid and liquid digesta effluents for DNA extraction. Overall, 32 solid and 32 liquid samples were analyzed by amplification of the V4 variable region of bacterial 16S rRNA. Data were analyzed with R (R Project for Statistical Computing) and SAS (SAS Institute Inc.) to determine effects of Cho, NDF, and NDF × Cho on taxa relative abundance. The correlation of propionate molar proportion with taxa relative abundance was also analyzed. At the phylum level, relative abundance of Firmicutes in the liquid fraction tended to be greater when Cho was supplemented with a 30% NDF diet. At the order level, Cho increased Coriobacteriales in solid fraction and decreased Fibrobacterales in liquid fraction. Moreover, Cho decreased abundance of Clostridiales and increased Selenomonadales in the solid fraction, only with the 30% NDF diet. For genera, lower abundance of Pseudobutyrivibrio resulted from Cho in solid and liquid fractions. Greater abundance of Succinivibrio in solid and Selenomonas and Selenomonas 1 in liquid resulted from Cho with the 30% NDF diet. Propionate molar proportion was positively correlated with relative abundance of order Selenomonadales in solid and liquid fractions, and with genus Succinivibrio in solid and genera Selenomonas and Selenomonas 1 in liquid. Our results indicate that Cho primarily decreases abundance of bacteria involved in fiber degradation and increases abundance of bacteria mainly involved in nonstructural carbohydrate degradation and synthesis of propionate, particularly when a diet with 30% NDF is provided.     

A PV installation framework concerning electricity variable rates

This paper assesses building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) installation parameters based on the profit generated by a photovoltaic system. It takes into consideration a home building case study and it investigates its monthly energy demand based on a specific location and a typical occupancy. The capability of a photovoltaic (PV) system to generate more profit occurs when solar intensity is maximum while the electric energy price is at its highest rate. The paper traces a framework that encompasses different aspects such as energy demand, energy price, and solar intensity. This framework identifies profit alternatives according to different installation parameters. A tool that predicts a PV installation hourly electric energy production is developed. The profit generated is simulated for home buildings located in Beirut (Lebanon) and Xihua (China), both at 33.8° latitude north. The paper highlights a new approach for BIPV installations, taking into account weather conditions, energy demand, and electric energy utility rates.     

几种管道补偿器的选择和安装

介绍了几种常用的管道补偿器，如自然补偿器、Ⅱ形补偿器、波纹补偿器和套管式补偿器及其优缺点和选用原则，并就补偿器的安装问题进行了探讨。     

试论循环水装置的经济性及其成本分析

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古洞口水利水电工程泄洪洞工作弧门安装工艺

介绍了古洞口工程泄洪洞工作弧门在特定地形下采用固定卷扬式启闭机和汽车吊配合闸室的预埋件进行闸门安装的施工工艺。对闸门的吊装、调整及焊接工艺的具体措施作了详细分析,解决了该工作弧门在洞内安装的关键施工技术问题。     

KZON-50/120空分设备的安装调试及设计改造

在KZON-50/120空分设备的安装调试和试运行过程中,对其机械和电器部分进行了多处改造,克服了原设计中存在的不足之处。改造后,机械和电器性能更加趋于合理,操作简单,便于维护,降低了制气费用,提高了制气纯度和经济效益,保证了空分设备更加安全可靠运行。     

建筑安装与装饰工程施工监理工作的体会

结合对建筑安装和装饰工程施工特点的分析 ,从加大质量控制中事前控制的力度、合理制定进度计划等方面 ,针对性地提出了施工监理工作的重点 ,以确保监理工作的顺利开展。     

100吨转炉设备安装

针对100吨转炉设备安装过程中设备重量超载，超高，无法直接采用行车安装的情况，采用了设备分体移位吊装，现场整体组合焊接的施工工艺方案，设计专用安装工装，确保了设备安装精度并一次安装到位。     

VD炉设备安装要点及调试要求

VD炉是冶金行业冶炼过程中的一种钢液脱气设备。该设备工艺复杂，运行于高温、高压状态下，对设备本身质量和施工安装质量要求严格，是我国近年来推广的冶炼工艺的重要设备系统。     

乙烯裂解炉辐射炉管施工技术

乙烯裂解炉辐射炉管的施工比较复杂,文章结合吉林石化分公司15万t／a乙烯装置节能改造项目的施工实践,介绍了辐射盘管系统施工的准备工作、辐射盘管组装顺序、集管箱开孔及组焊、猪尾管预制安装、辐射盘管吊装等方面的施工经验。