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1.
《Food Control》2015
Cookies and biscuits are a recognized source of trans fatty acids (TFA). Aware of its consumption worldwide, an update on TFA content was taken in 2012, in a total of 50 samples commercialized in Portugal. Despite the absence of specific Portuguese legislation, TFA amounts in cookies and biscuits are generally low, with TFA amounts lower than 0.1 g per 100 g, and an average of 0.6% in the extracted fat in 49 of the 50 samples analyzed. Unfortunately, one sample presented 27% of TFA in the lipids, highlighting that the problem is still present. Also, a high prevalence of saturated fatty acids was observed, as high as 92.4% in the fat (53.0% on average). This fact is also a major health concern, particularly when the reformulation of these products in the last years (2006–2012) was effective regarding TFA reduction but seemed to have occurred at expenses of increasing SFA, thus reducing the potential beneficial effect achievable by replacing with cis-unsaturated fats, as generally recommended. 相似文献
2.
To enhance the understanding of the behavior and effects of the precipitation of MnO2 particles in the subsurface generated during in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) using permanganate, laboratory batch experiments were completed to examine the influence that varied reaction matrix conditions have on the generation and properties of manganese oxides. The conditions examined include organic material type and concentration, permanganate concentration, pH, and the presence of calcium (as a representative divalent cation) in solution. Experimental studies included: (1) spectrophotometric examination of permanganate depletion and manganese oxides generation over time during reactions with trichloroethene; (2) scanning electron microscopy analyses of manganese particle morphology; (3) particle size distribution (filtration) characterization studies; and (4) optical particle sizing and numeration studies. Bench-scale, batch experiments were conducted to focus on fundamental chemical properties affecting particle development under varied potential environmental conditions. The amount of manganese oxides particles that develop, grow, and potentially settle as a result of permanganate ISCO of organic contaminants is a function of the particle size and concentration, the time allowed for particle development, and the impact of matrix conditions on the ability of particles to agglomerate. 相似文献
3.
Preliminary experiments using two chemicals (CaO, a quicklime, and a cationic nitrogen-bearing precipitant, EC-004) to remove silica from geothermal brine were undertaken at the Mokai geothermal plant, New Zealand. The brine was mixed with the reagent (CaO or EC-004). The reaction was studied from the start of the experiment (NRT, 0 min, no retaining time) and after 15 min (15RT) at 90 °C. The concentration of silica in the brine was initially 954 mg/l, and decreased linearly with increasing reagent concentration. When CaO is added, the silica concentration at 15RT was 200 mg/l lower than at NRT and became almost zero on addition of 1.5 g/l. In contrast, when EC-004 is added, the total silica concentration nearly reaches the solubility of amorphous silica at 90 °C. In order to prevent silica scaling in Mokai brines cooled to 90 °C, the CaO and EC-004 added should be individually adjusted to 0.5 g/l and 80 mg/l, respectively. 相似文献
4.
On The Measurement of Temperature in Material Removal Processes 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Because it is key to understanding the performance of material removal processes and resultant workpiece quality, the measurement of temperature during material removal is done extensively. We review several widely used temperature measurement methods and show how they can be applied to temperature monitoring during material removal. Since there is little documentation on measurement uncertainties as relates to material removal, this paper outlines the physics of each method, detailing the sources and evaluation of uncertainty. Finally, using criteria critical in measuring material removal, methods are compared, and the results presented in guide-format for participants in this field of work. 相似文献
5.
Yasushi Takeuchi Kohjiro Yanagisawa Yuhsuke Tanaka Noriyuki Tsuruoka 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》1997,14(5):377-381
Fixation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in air onto granular activated carbon impregnated with chemicals was attempted to improve removal efficiency of NOx by activated carbon adsorption. Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), were tried to remove by a flow test. Fixed-bed adsorption breakthrough curves were obtained when some kinds of carbon were
used. The amount adsorbed of NO2 changed with the amount and kinds of metallic salts impregnated. Chemicals-impregnated carbons were prepared from a commercial
activated carbon. Among obtained carbons, the one which showed the highest selectivity for NOx was chosen, and its performance with the change in humidity was determined. Removal mechanism of NO2 was estimated, and the carbon impregnated with potassium hydroxide was found to be superior to any other carbon tested. The
amount of the adsorbed NO and that produced by the reduction of NO2 were determined from the breakthrough curves. 相似文献
6.
H. van Leeuwen 《臭氧:科学与工程》1988,10(3):291-307
Poor sludge settleability is a problem encountered in many activated sludge wastewater treatment plants. This study was aimed at combatting the unwanted biological growths at the root of this phenomenon with ozone. Ozone dosed directly into the aeration basins of small activated sludge pilot plants treating both domestic and synthetic fuel wastewaters led to a substantial reduction of the bulking problem even at dosages as low as 6 to 10 mg/L. Ozone did not interfere in the delicate nutrient removal processes and significantly enhanced effluent quality. 相似文献
7.
This study was carried out to compare EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substances) composition between conventional activated
sludge (AS) and activated sludge dosed with clinoptilolite (CAS). Additionally, those were compared with organic removal efficiency
in the effluent in conjunction with EPS concentrations. The experiments were conducted at SRT (Solids Retention Time) ranging
from 5 to 100 d. For the CAS, proteins were more readily observed for SRT 20 and 100 d compared to that of the AS. Polysaccharide
concentration in the sludge was greatly increased for the CAS, but it was significantly diminished when the SRT was extended.
The level of EPS concentration observed from the effluent had the same pattern of variation for the two different types of
systems. Regardless of type of reactor, the ratio of proteins for sludge versus effluent was independent of SRT, but the ratio
of polysaccharides diminished as SRT increased. In the long run, the degree of protein synthesis directly ascribed to concurrent
enhancement of SCOD removal efficiency was slightly more in the CAS. It was decided that clinoptilolite added system could
be more reliably retrofitted to a conventional activated sludge process. 相似文献
8.
We have solved both steady state and transient problems on the biofiltration of toluene vapor. The effect of inlet toluene
concentration and inlet gas-flow rate on the removal rate of toluene and the elimination capacity of a lab-scale biofilter
has been investigated. In this study, the effectiveness factor was a function of pollutant concentration. The dynamic solutions
show good agreement with experimental results. At an inlet toluene concentration of 100 ppm, the diffusion of toluene into
biofilm was obviously a rate determining step. Above 200 ppm, however, biofilm already showed full activity. The steady-state
simulation confirmed that the change of elimination capacity obtained by increasing only inlet toluene concentration was the
same as that obtained by increasing only flow rate of contaminated air. The maximum possible performance is about 20 g/m3h with no addition of nutrients. 相似文献
9.
The behavior of sulfur transformation during rapid hydropyrolysis of coal was investigated using a pressurized, continuous free fall pyrolyzer under the conditions of temperature ranging from 923 to 1123 K and hydrogen pressure up to 5 MPa. The yields of sulfur converted to gas, tar and char were determined, together with the analyses of sulfur form distributions in coals and chars. The results showed that the decomposition of inorganic sulfur species was affected only by the temperature, while the increases in temperature and hydrogen pressure obviously enhanced the removal of organic sulfur from coal. The extent of organic sulfur removal was proportional to the coal conversion, depending on coal type. A significant retention of gaseous sulfur products by the organic matrix of the char was observed during hydropyrolysis of a Chinese coal above 1023 K, even under the pressurized hydrogen atmosphere. The kinetic analysis indicates that the rate of organic sulfur removal from coal was 0.2th-order with respect to the hydrogen pressure, and the activation energy for total sulfur removal and organic sulfur removal is 17-26 and 13-55 kJ/mol, respectively. The low activation energies suggest that the transformation and removal of sulfur from coal might be controlled by the diffusion and/or thermodynamic equilibrium during hydropyrolysis under the pressurized conditions. 相似文献
10.
William K. McGrane Ph.D. 《臭氧:科学与工程》1992,14(3):231-244
This paper builds on a prior paper by this author, McGrane (1991). In that paper, ozone is used as the sole means of cooling tower water treatment. The paper discusses water conservation by increased cycles of concentration, greatly increased efficiency through extremely low biological populations, and corrosion data which is compared to ozonated and chemically treated towers.
New in this paper are the results from the combination of a low pressure reverse osmosis system with ozone treatment for cooling tower water. Scale formation has continued to plague cooling towers with high concentrations of calcium in the make-up water. The use of a mineral removal system in cases of extremely hard water has made ozone an attractive alternative to traditional chemicals in many areas. 相似文献