Effects of poly(acrylic acid) and poly(ethylene oxide) adsorption on the stability of alumina suspension

The effect of adsorbed polymer on the stability of alumina suspension was investigated. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and similar kinds of polymer salts were used as a dispersant. The amount of polymer adsorbed on alumina surface and the suspension stability was measured. The pH, molecular weight, and concentration were considered as experimental parameters. PEO shows low affinity on the alumina surface while PAA has high affinity. In the case of PAA adsorption, the surface charge change by polymer adsorption influences suspension stability strongly, but not in the case of PEO adsorption. In simultaneous adsorption of PEO and PAA, the PAA concentration was fixed and PEO concentration was varied. The stability of suspension increased with increasing PEO concentration, and this is partly due to the steric stabilization by adsorption of PAA-PEO complex or adsorption of PEO through pre-adsorbed PAA and the depletion effect of non-adsorbed polymer. Suspension adsorbing sodium salts of PAA and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) each showed similar stability. But, when the PEO and these kinds of salts were added together to the suspension, the one with PAA sodium salt could keep a higher stability even with lower molecular weights of PEO compared with suspension with PMA sodium salt.     

不同分散剂对水系流延氧化铝基片的影响

研究了2种不同类型的分散剂对水系流延氧化铝基片的影响。研究发现：从浆料的分散性、所流延坯片的质量、烧结后基片的密度及其微观结构的比较，流延氧化铝浆料以聚丙烯酸（PAA）为分散剂明显优于以阿拉伯树胶为分散剂。以阿拉伯树胶为分散剂的浆料分散性较差，流延出的坯片生坯密度较低、坯片的柔软性较差，烧结后相对密度较低，同时，由于分散剂对塑化剂的影响，使得粘结剂PVA在浆料中没有凝胶化，从而在坯片上表面产生C富集层。     

聚丙烯酸／细菌纤维素复合凝胶的制备与性能

通过在聚丙烯酸（PAA）聚合过程中添加细菌纤维素（BC）,制备PAA／BC复合凝胶,并研究无机填料蒙脱土（MMT）、硅藻土对PAA／BC复合凝胶的影响．结果表明：PAA／BC复合凝胶与PAA凝胶相比,吸水性能及保水性能均有一定程度的提高,BC用量为0．4％N,该复合凝胶的吸水及保水性能综合最佳．添加MMT、硅藻土的PAA／BC复合凝胶的吸水及保水性能均有提高,同样用量的MMT对凝胶的吸水性能提高更明显,而硅藻土对凝胶的保水性能提高更明显．SEM的微观结构分析验证了上述结果．     

Determination of phenyl acetic acid by cyclic voltammetry with electrochemical detection

The phenyl acetic acid (PAA) has been determined by cyclic voltammetry with electrochemical detection using CuGeO₃ nanowires as the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified materials. The electrochemical behaviors of the PAA at the CuGeO₃ nanowire modified GCE in neutral solution show that two pairs of electrochemical CV peaks are observed. Two anodic CV peaks are located at 0.31 V and −0.02 V for cv peak 1 and cv peak 2, respectively. The intensities of two anodic peaks vary linearly with the increase of the PAA concentrations from 0.01 to 2 mM. The detection limit is 82.1 μM and 9.1 μM for cv peak 1 and cv peak 2, respectively. The CuGeO₃ nanowire modified GCE exhibits good reproducibility, stability and sensibility.     

Porous ceramics with tailored pore size and morphology as substrates for coral larval settlement

The growing demand for stony corals as ornamental aquarium animals requires defined aquacultural breeding strategies. For the sexual propagation of corals, material substrates are needed, that attract larvae and support their settlement and development. In this study, five types of highly porous ceramic materials were developed following the example of coral skeleton. The applicability of these settlement substrates was tested using larvae of the stony coral Pocillopora damicornis. Partial sintering of pressed clay pellets, freeze casting of clay and alumina-mullite based slurries and direct foaming of high alkane phase emulsified suspensions (HAPES) using alumina were employed. By the addition of mm-sized spherical polystyrene beads as sacrificial templates during freeze casting (alumina-mullite), superficial pores in the size of the larvae were created. The inorganic substrates featured open porosities between 35% (pressed clay) and 83% (foamed alumina), pore sizes ranging from nm to mm-scale and pore morphologies dominated by interparticle porosity (pressed), lamellar pores (freeze casting) and cellular pore types (direct foaming). The ceramic substrates were incubated in artificial sea water for 3 months to induce necessary biofilm formation and algae growth. Afterwards, individual substrates were exposed to 5 coral larvae, and their settlement behavior was monitored over 14 days. At the end of this period, all ceramic materials were successfully accepted as settlement substrates, with a mean settlement rate of 46.2%, and no significant differences between the substrate types. On samples with large surface superficial pores, a significantly reduced survival of settled larvae (79%) compared to the other porous materials (93–98%) was determined, suggesting a non-ideal surface topography. While alumina foam samples (HAPES) exhibit the most promising results in terms of settlement and survival of larvae, clay-based substrates provide a more economic solution for the sexual propagation of corals in aquaculture.     

Butanol isomer separation using polyamide-imide/CD mixed matrix membranes via pervaporation

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) comprising polyamide-imide (PAI) and α-, β- or γ-cyclodextrin (CD) have been investigated experimentally and computationally for isomeric n-butanol/tert-butanol (n-BuOH/t-BuOH) separation via pervaporation. Consistent with molecular simulation, experimental results show that the CD inclusion ability and butanol discrimination ability are dependent on both CD cavity size and butanol molecular size. The PAI membrane incorporated with α-CD has the smallest cavity and has the highest discrimination ability for the n-BuOH/t-BuOH pair but with a low butanol flux. The mixed matrix membrane embedded with γ-CD has the lowest selectivity and the highest flux. The PAI/β-CD membrane has a comparable selectivity and flux, and exhibits preferential sorption and diffusion selectivity toward n-BuOH. A maximum separation factor of 1.53 with a corresponding flux of 4.4 g/m² h are obtained at an optimal β-CD loading of 15 wt%. Further increments in the CD content eventually lead to a decrease in separation performance because of CD agglomeration and severe phase separation. To better understand the influence of CD on the separation performance of mixed matrix membranes, SEM, FTIR and XRD have been employed for membrane characterizations. The effect of n-butanol/t-butanol ratio in the feed composition has also been studied. It is found that both flux and separation factor decrease with increasing n-butanol content in the feed. The decline is attributed to the change in total vapor pressure at the upstream and the mutual drag effect of isomeric butanol molecules.     

Polymer brush coatings for combating marine biofouling

A variety of functional polymer brushes and coatings have been developed for combating marine biofouling and biocorrosion with much less environmental impact than traditional biocides. This review summarizes recent developments in marine antifouling polymer brushes and coatings that are tethered to material surfaces and do not actively release biocides. Polymer brush coatings have been designed to inhibit molecular fouling, microfouling and macrofouling through incorporation or inclusion of multiple functionalities. Hydrophilic polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol), hydrogels, zwitterionic polymers and polysaccharides, resist attachment of marine organisms effectively due to extensive hydration. Fouling release polymer coatings, based on fluoropolymers and poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers, minimize adhesion between marine organisms and material surfaces, leading to easy removal of biofoulants. Polycationic coatings are effective in reducing marine biofouling partly because of their good bactericidal properties. Recent advances in controlled radical polymerization and click chemistry have also allowed better molecular design and engineering of multifunctional brush coatings for improved antifouling efficacies.     

均聚物调控的PS-b-P4VP薄膜的微相分离形貌

分别以聚丙烯酸(PAA)和聚氧化乙烯(PEO)与苯乙烯与4-乙烯基吡啶二嵌段共聚物(PS-b-P4VP)进行溶液共混并且旋涂成膜,采用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了这两种均聚物对PS-b-P4VP薄膜微相分离形貌的调控作用。结果表明,PAA与P4VP链段之间强烈的氢键作用使得P4VP链段对PS链段的热力学排斥作用增强,当PAA质量分数为10%时,PS分散相区以规则的柱体垂直分布于由P4VP/PAA链段相互溶解所形成的连续相基体中。对于PS-b-P4VP/PEO共混体系,共混薄膜形成了PEO/P4VP分散相以柱状形态垂直分布在以PS链段聚集区为薄膜连续相基体中的微相分离形貌,由于PS链段无法在PEO/P4VP柱状微区上方形成覆盖,导致共混薄膜表面出现许多孔洞,孔洞底部伴有PEO链段部分结晶形成的锥状突起。随PEO含量增加,孔洞直径增大,孔洞底部的锥状突起也增大。     

Interpolymer radical coupling: A toolbox complementary to controlled radical polymerization

The current review focuses on the relevance and practical benefit of interpolymer radical coupling methods. The latter are developing rapidly and constitute a perfectly complementary macromolecular engineering toolbox to the controlled radical polymerization techniques (CRP). Indeed, all structures formed by CRP are likely to be prone to radical coupling reactions, which multiply the available synthetic possibilities. Basically, the coupling systems can be divided in two main categories. The first one, including the atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC), silane radical atom abstraction (SRAA) and cobalt-mediated radical coupling (CMRC), relies on the recombination of macroradicals produced from a dormant species. The second one, including atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling (ATNRC), single electron transfer nitroxide radical coupling (SETNRC), enhanced spin capturing polymerization (ESCP) and nitrone/nitroso mediated radical coupling (NMRC), makes use of a radical scavenger in order to promote the conjugation of the polymer chains. More than a compilation of macromolecular engineering achievements, the present review additionally aims to emphasize the particularities, synthetic potential and present limitations of each system.     

相控阵雷达与光控相控阵雷达

对在国际军备竞争中占据了重要地位的雷达作了全面的概述。针对传统机械扫描雷达扫描速度缓慢、精度低、可靠性不高等缺点引出了当今研究热点相控阵雷达，阐述了其工作原理及优缺点，并指出随着现代国际形势的发展传统相控阵雷达所暴露出的无法适应宽带宽需求的缺陷。在此情况下光控相控阵雷达应运而生，描述了光控相控阵雷达中的关键技术-光学真延时技术的原理，归纳了光学真延时技术的各种实现方案，并简述了国际上光控相控阵雷达的发展历程。