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1.
The heat transfer and flow characteristics of MWCNT-R141b nanorefrigerant with different mass fractions have been studied through experiments. Experimental results were compared with existing correlations. A two-step method was used to prepare the nanorefrigerants. Span-80 was used as surfactant with an average particle diameter of 20 nm. Transmittance method was used to evaluate the stability of nanorefrigerants. Results showed that the stability of MWCNT-R141b nanorefrigerant, which is the added dispersant, was good during the experiments. The 0.3 wt% MWCNT-R141b nanorefrigerants had optimal heat transfer enhancement effects compared with pure refrigerants. The maximum Nusselt number increased by 40%. The specific pressure drop of nanorefrigerant increased as the Reynolds number (Re) increased, and the specific pressure drop of the pure refrigerant was minimum, which is similar to R141b. 相似文献
2.
This study is to evaluate the potential for development of a cellulosic ethanol facility in Vietnam. Rice straw is abundant in Vietnam and highly concentrated in the Mekong Delta, where about 26 Mt year−1 of rice straw has been yearly produced. To minimize the overall production cost (PC) of ethanol from rice straw, it is crucial to choose the optimal facility size. The delivered cost of rice straw varied from 20.5 to 65.4 $ dry t−1 depending on transportation distance. The Mekong Delta has much lower rice straw prices compared with other regions in Vietnam because of high density and quantity of rice straw supply. Thus, this region has been considered as the most suitable location for deploying ethanol production in Vietnam. The optimal plant size of ethanol production in the region was estimated up to 200 ML year−1. The improvement in solid concentration of material in the hydrothermal pre-treatment step and using residues for power generation could substantially reduce the PC in Vietnam, where energy costs account for the second largest contribution to the PC, following only enzyme costs. The potential for building larger ethanol plants with low rice straw costs can reduce ethanol production costs in Vietnam. The current estimated production cost for an optimal plant size of 200 ML year−1 was 1.19 $ L−1. For the future scenario, considering improvements in pre-treatment, enzyme hydrolysis steps, specific enzyme activity, and applying residues for energy generation, the ethanol production cost could reduce to 0.45 $ L−1 for a plant size of 200 ML year−1 in Vietnam. These data indicated that the cost-competitiveness of ethanol production could be realized in Vietnam with future improvements in production technologies. 相似文献
3.
In this paper, we study scheduling games under mixed coordination mechanisms on hierarchical machines. The two scheduling policies involved are ‐ and ‐, where ‐ (resp., ‐) policy sequences jobs in nondecreasing order of their hierarchies, and jobs of the same hierarchy in nonincreasing (resp., nondecreasing) order of their processing times. We first show the existence of a Nash equilibrium. Then we present the price of anarchy and the price of stability for the games with social costs of minimizing the makespan and maximizing the minimum machine load. All the bounds given in this paper are tight. 相似文献
4.
针对现代消费类电子产品快速更新换代的现状, 介绍了该类产品的自动化生产线成组技术,阐述了通过度量消费类电子产品相似性和派生性特征,对产线进行成组编码的原理,研究产线工位单元的建模方法,描述了建模内容,并通过有无装载板的产线结构,论述了产线成组编码集成的途径和方法. 相似文献
5.
文章介绍了新一代IP骨干网上的IP QoS实现技术,论述了集成业务(IntServ)与差分业务(DiffServ)解决方案的特点,详细介绍了相关的队列管理与排队机制。并结合多协议标签交换(MPLS)技术的最新发展,阐述了综合多协议标签交换流量工程与DiffServ技术体系端到端IP QoS的实现。 相似文献
6.
Uplink scheduling in wireless systems is gaining importance due to arising uplink intensive data services (ftp, image uploads
etc.), which could be hampered by the currently in-built asymmetry in favor of the downlink. In this work, we propose and
study algorithms for efficient uplink packet-data scheduling in a CDMA cell. The algorithms attempt to maximize system throughput
under transmit power limitations on the mobiles assuming instantaneous knowledge of user queues and channels. However no channel
statistics or traffic characterization is necessary. Apart from increasing throughput, the algorithms also improve fairness
of service among users, hence reducing chances of buffer overflows for poorly located users.
The major observation arising from our analysis is that it is advantageous on the uplink to schedule “strong” users one-at-a-time,
and “weak” users in larger groups. This contrasts with the downlink where one-at-a-time transmission for all users has shown
to be the preferred mode in much previous work. Based on the optimal schedules, we propose less complex and more practical
approximate methods, both of which offer significant performance improvement compared to one-at-a-time transmission, and the
widely acclaimed Proportional Fair (PF) algorithm, in simulations. When queue content cannot be fed back, we propose a simple modification of PF, Uplink PF (UPF), that offers similar improvement.
Hereafter, we refer to users with low recieved power at the base even when transmitting at peak transmit power as “weak” users,
and the strongly recieved users at the base as “strong” users.
Krishnan Kumaran is currently a member of the Complex Systems Modeling section in the Corporate Strategic Research of ExxonMobil Corp., Clinton,
NJ. Formerly, he was a Member of Technical Staff in the Mathematics of Networks and Systems Research Department at Bell Labs
in Murray Hill, NJ, where his research interests were in modeling, analysis and simulation of design, resource management
and scheduling issues in telecommunication networks.
Lijun Qian is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Prairie View A&M University. He received his B.S.
from Tsinghua University in Beijing, M.S. from Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, and Ph.D. from WINLAB, Rutgers University,
all in electrical engineering. Before joining PVAMU, he was a researcher at Networks and Systems Research Department of Bell
Labs in Murray Hill, NJ. His major research interests are in wireless communications and networking technologies, especially
in radio resource management, protocol design, TCP/RLP optimization and MPLS traffic engineering. 相似文献
7.
Scheduling Algorithms for Packet-Oriented MAC Protocols in Wireless Multimedia Systems 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Romano Fantacci Giovanni Giambene Francesco Petiti 《Wireless Personal Communications》2003,24(3):363-388
Future generation wireless multimediacommunications will require efficient Medium AccessControl (MAC) protocols able to guarantee suitable Qualityof Service (QoS) levels for different traffic classes whileachieving a high utilization of radio resources. This paperproposes a new scheduling technique to be adopted at the MAClevel in wireless access systems, named Dynamic Scheduling-Time DivisionDuplexing (DS-TDD), that efficiently managesvideo, voice, Web and background traffics. A theoretical approachis proposed in this paper to evaluate the DS-TDD performance withvoice and Web traffics. Simulation results have permitted tohighlight the following promising characteristics of the DS-TDDscheme: (i) a high capacity of real-time traffics isattained with a QoS insensitive to Web and background trafficloads; (ii) a high throughput can be guaranteed whilepreserving the QoS levels of the different traffic classes;(iii) heavier downlink traffic loads do not modify the QoSof uplink traffics. Finally, extensive comparisons with differentscheduling schemes proposed in the literature have permitted tohighlight the better performanceof DS-TDD. 相似文献
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