Large eddy simulation and proper orthogonal decomposition analysis of turbulent flows in a direct injection spark ignition engine: Cyclic variation and effect of valve lift

Large eddy simulation(LES)is used to calculate the in-cylinder turbulent flow field in a direct injection spark ignition(DISI)engine.The computations are carried out for three different maximum valve lifts(MVL)and throughout 100 consecutive engine cycles.The simulated results as well as corresponding particle image velocimetry(PIV)measurement database are analyzed by the proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)method.Through a new developed POD quadruple decomposition the instantaneous in-cylinder flow fields are decomposed into four parts,named mean field,coherent field,transition field and turbulent field,respectively.Then the in-cylinder turbulent flow characteristics and cycle-to-cycle variations(CCV)are studied separately upon the four part flow fields.Results indicate that each part exhibits its specific characteristics and has close connection with others.The mean part contains more than 50%of the total kinetic energy and the energy cascade phenomenon occurs among the four part fields;the coherent field part possesses the highest CCV level which dominates CCV of the bulk flow.In addition,it is observed that a change in MVL affects significantly the in-cylinder flow behavior including CCV,especially for the coherent part.Furthermore,the POD analysis demonstrates that at least 25 sample cycles for the mean velocity and 50 sample cycles for the RMS velocity are necessary for obtaining converged and correct results in CCV.     

现代柴油机燃烧过程中微粒质量的变化规律

利用全气缸取样技术,对不同工况下的柴油机燃烧过程中微粒组分质量生成历程进行了研究.实验结果表明,燃烧形成的干碳烟质量曲线呈单峰状,峰值出现在上止点后10~15°CA之间,在燃烧后期,约有81%~92%的干碳烟被氧化.随着燃空当量比从=0.41增大到=0.53,缸内干碳烟质量峰值增加了4.57%~45.42%;喷油压力升高,虽然干碳烟质量峰值增大,但氧化比例也明显提高.此外,在燃烧初期,微粒中可溶有机物SOF的含量超过80%.     

内燃机缸内三维流场测量装置的设计

阐述了内燃机缸内三维流场测量装置的测量原理及结构,并成功地应用于四气门柴油机缸内流场的测试。     

内燃机缸内复杂空间三维动态网格生成技术

将组合网格拆解为静态和动态2个区域,提出了在活塞和气门运动方向上拉伸和压缩网格空间的算法．实验结果表明：3D动态网格可以应用于内燃机缸内工作过程数值模拟．     

Multi-dimensional modelling of spray,in-cylinder air motion and fuel-air mixing in a direct-injection engine

In this work, three-dimensional fuel-air mixing inside a conventional spark ignition engine cylinder is simulated under direct injection conditions. The motivation is to explore retrofitting of conventional engines for direct injection to take advantage of low emissions and high thermal efficiency of the direct injection concept. Fuel-air mixing is studied at different loads by developing and applying a model based on the Lagrangian-drop and Eulerian-fluid (LDEF) procedure for modelling the two-phase flow. The Taylor Analogy Breakup (TAB) model for modelling the hollow cone spray and appropriate models for droplet impingement, drag and evaporation are used. Moving boundary algorithm and two-way interaction between both phases are implemented. Fuel injection timing and quantity is varied with load. Results show that near-stoichiometric fuel-air ratio region is observed at different locations depending on the load. The model developed serves to predict the fuel-air mixing spatially and temporally, and hence is a useful tool in design and optimization of direct injection engines with regards to injector and spark plug locations. Simulations over a range of speed and load indicate the need for a novel ignition strategy involving dual spark plugs and also provide guidelines in deciding spark plug locations.     

双层分流燃烧室内空间利用和喷雾分布的研究

应用可视化方法测试了不同喷油参数条件下3种双层分流燃烧室内的燃油喷雾扩散过程,探讨燃烧室的碰撞台、燃烧空间容积比例、燃烧空间形状等结构特征以及喷油压力和喷油正时等喷油参数对燃烧室内空间利用和燃油喷雾分布的影响.结果表明:提高喷油压力和提前喷油正时均增大了燃油喷雾的分布范围,提前喷油正时使燃油喷雾更早地进入了顶隙空间,降低了燃烧室结构对燃油喷雾分布的影响,但燃烧室的空间利用率下降;降低碰撞台位置和增大上层燃烧空间容积有利于燃烧室顶层空间的利用;剥离面可以促进下层燃烧空间内燃油喷雾的扩散;上层燃烧空间采用凸圆弧底面使燃烧室顶层区域在较早喷油正时时获得了较好的利用.     

Effect of heat transfer space non-uniformity of combustion chamber components on in-cylinder soot emission formation in diesel engine

Combustion chamber components (cylinder head, cylinder liner, piston assembly and oil film) are treated as a coupled body. Based on the three-dimensional numerical simulation of heat transfer of the coupled body, a coupled three-dimensional calculation model for the in-cylinder working process and the combustion chamber components was built with domain decomposition and boundary coupling method, in which the coupled three-dimensional simulation of in-cylinder working process and the combustion chamber components was adopted. The simulation was applied in the influence investigation of the space non-uniformity in heat transfer among combustion chamber components on the generation of in-cylinder emissions. The results show that the space non-uniformity in heat transfer among the combustion chamber components has great influence on the generation of in-cylinder NO _x emissions. The heat transfer space non-uniformity of combustion chamber components has little effect on soot formation, and far less effect on soot formation than on NO _x . Under two situations of different wall temperature distributions, the soot in cylinder is different by 1.3% when exhaust valves are open.     

基于动态模态分解的缸内流场演变及动能分析

采用高速粒子图像测速技术(particle image velocimetry,PIV)测量了一台直喷式光学发动机的缸内流场,利用动态模态分解(dynamic mode decomposition,DMD)算法,提取了发动机从进气冲程早期到压缩冲程后期中出现的多尺度涡团结构,量化了涡团的比动能在整个冲程阶段的衰减程度。结果表明:从进气冲程早期开始,缸内流场主要由低阶DMD模态表现的大尺度流场结构和高阶DMD模态表现的小尺度涡团结构组成;DMD模态的比动能变化可清楚地反映从大尺度流场结构到小尺度涡团的能量级联和耗散过程。同时还发现,与压缩冲程相比,进气冲程期间的流场可形成更多小尺度的涡团结构,并表现出更快的能量衰减特征,且该阶段流场能量衰减现象对发动机转速更加敏感。     

自由活塞式内燃直线发电机的燃烧性能研究

对一台二冲程汽油自由活塞式内燃直线发电机(FPLG)的活塞动态特性、缸内压强、缸内温度和NO_x排放进行了数值分析。针对FPLG特点,具体分析了其NO_x污染物的来源及形成机理。借助于数值分析软件Matlab/Simulink,计算并分析了点火提前时间和燃烧持续时间对FPLG缸内压力、缸内温度和NO_x排放的作用。计算结果表明:点火时刻在上止点前171°~126°而燃烧持续时间为36°~108°曲轴转角(点火提前时间相对上止点前为0 6ms,燃烧持续时间在412ms)时,增大提前点火时间和缩短燃烧持续时间都会使缸内的压力和温度上升,相应的NO_x的排放量也会急剧增大。     

Mutual information of cylinder pressure and combustion phase estimation in spark ignition engines

For the study of internal combustion engines, combustion control is an important method to achieve high efficiency and low emissions. Currently, in-cylinder pressure sensor-based closed-loop control strategies have become the preferred solution. However, their productional application in automotive industries is limited due to the cost of intensive pressure acquisition for a whole cycle and the calculation load of combustion phase indicators. This paper proposes a method of combustion phase estimation for spark ignition (SI) engines. In this method, the combustion phase is estimated only based on pressure measurements at several crank angles. Information entropy and mutual information are introduced to analyze the feasibility and accuracy of the combustion phase estimation, which shows that the pressure measurements at selected points contain most of the information for the estimation. As a result, only pressure measurements at 3 points and ELM estimation models are required to obtain the combustion phase, instead of intensive data acquisition and calculation.