Transgenerational Effects of Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Anogenital Distance,Sperm Functions and DNA Methylation in Rat Offspring

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used as a plasticizer in the manufacture of polyvinylchloride plastics and has been associated with concerns regarding male reproductive toxicity. In this study, we hypothesized that maternal exposure to DEHP induces transgenerational inheritance of adult-onset adverse reproductive outcomes through the male germline in the F1, F2, and F3 generations of male offspring. Pregnant rats were treated with 5 or 500 mg of DEHP/kg/day through gavage from gestation day 0 to birth. The offspring body weight, anogenital distance (AGD), anogenital index (AGI), sperm count, motility, and DNA fragmentation index (DFI) were measured for all generations. Methyl-CpG binding domain sequencing was performed to analyze sperm DNA methylation status in the F3. DEHP exposure at 500 mg/kg affected AGD, AGI, sperm count, mean DFI, and %DFI in the F1; AGD, sperm count, and mean DFI in the F2; and AGD, AGI, mean DFI, and %DFI in the F3. DEHP exposure at 5 mg/kg affected AGD, AGI, sperm count, and %DFI in the F1; sperm count in the F2; and AGD and AGI in F3. Compared with the control group, 15 and 45 differentially hypermethylated genes were identified in the groups administered 5 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg DEHP, respectively. Moreover, 130 and 6 differentially hypomethylated genes were observed in the groups administered 5 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg DEHP. Overall, these results demonstrated that prenatal exposure to DEHP caused transgenerational epigenetic effects, which may explain the observed phenotypic changes in the male reproductive system.     

有机锡催化、无中和水洗合成DOP

以有机锡(Fascat4102)作催化剂,苯酐和辛醇(2-乙基己醇)酯化反应生成邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP),其最佳工艺条件为:酯化温度215～225℃,催化剂加入量2.0‰,过量醇含量17%,脱醇真空为20KPa(绝压),脱醇温度为155℃,活性炭加入量为1‰,省却中和水洗和汽提工序,产品质量可以达到优级品.     

Degradation of polyethylene terephthalate films in the presence of lubricants for HFC 134a: a critical issue for hermetic motor insulation systems

Earlier studies conducted in the use of sealed tubes with polyalkylene glycol lubricants and polyethylene terephthalete (PET) films revealed that the PET films exhibited embrittlement and (visual) degradation. This led to an investigation of PET embrittlement mechanisms with the new lubricants used with HFC 134a. The lubricants studied were three polypropylene glycols (the monol, the diol and the completely end-capped glycols), pentaerythritol ester and a blend of monol and ester. The effects of moisture content, temperature and lubricant structure were studied. All lubricants in this study were of viscosity grade ISO-32 (150 SUS). The results were compared to PET film embrittlement in the presence of CFC 12 and mineral oil. This study reconfirmed the earlier findings that the PET films must be dried to lower than 0.1 wt.% moisture content for use in hermetic systems. This paper discusses the effect of the moisture content of the lubricant and the effect of the lubricant structure on PET films. The dependence of the various mechanisms on temperature is shown. Esters and end-capped polyalkylene glycols are recommended for use with HFC 134a.     

SnO催化、无中和水洗合成DOP的研究

以氧化亚锡 (SnO)作催化剂 ,苯酐和辛醇 (2 乙基己醇 )酯化反应合成邻苯二甲酸二辛酯 (DOP) ,省却中和水洗和汽提工序 ,其最佳工艺条件为 :酯化温度 2 10～ 2 2 0℃ ,催化剂加入量 0 .8% ,过量醇含量 18% ,脱醇真空度为 2 0kPa (绝压 ) ,脱醇温度为 160℃ ,活性炭加入量为 1‰ ,产品质量达到优级品。     

过氧化物交联聚乙烯的力学性能研究

采用过氧化物交联方法研究了交联聚乙烯的工艺、配方和性能，探讨了过氧化物用量对材料力学性能及凝胶含量的影响，以及炭黑、氧化锌、抗氧剂对材料性能的影响。结果表明，过氧化物交联聚乙烯的力学性能有一定的提高，随着DCP含量的增加，交联PE的凝胶含量提高，而随着凝胶含量的提高，交联PE的拉伸强度提高，断裂伸长率下降；炭黑对材料有一定的补强作用，氧化锌的加入有助于交联反应和拉伸强度的提高。     

羟胺催化臭氧降解邻苯二甲酸甲酯

利用硫酸羟胺（HAS）催化臭氧（O3）降解含有邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）的模拟废水,比较O3/HAS体系和O3体系中DMP的降解情况,研究了叔丁醇（TBA）和pH值对O3/HAS体系中O3分解的影响。结果表明：当pH=3.0且HAS初始浓度为20μmol/L时,反应5min后O3/HAS体系中DMP的降解率比O3体系中提高了82.58%,表明O3/HAS体系降解DMP的效率优于单独O3体系;加入TBA后O3/HAS体系对DMP的降解率显著下降,证明在O3/HAS体系中产生了羟基自由基;在pH值为3.0、7.0和9.2的条件下,O3的降解率均随着HAS浓度的升高而升高,说明HAS促进了O3的分解。此外,选择盐酸羟胺（HAC）、磷酸羟胺（HAP）催化O3降解DMP,将O3/HAS体系、O3/HAC体系、O3/HAP体系中DMP的去除效果进行对比,结果显示三种体系均可促进DMP的降解。     

Inheritance Of Resistance To Mammalian Herbivores and Of Plant Defensive Chemistry In A <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> Species

Hybridization in plants provides an opportunity to investigate the patterns of inheritance of hybrid resistance to herbivores, and of the plant mechanisms conferring this resistance such as plant secondary metabolites. We investigated how inter-race differences in resistance of Eucalyptus globulus to a generalist mammalian herbivore, Trichosurus vulpecula, are inherited in their F₁ hybrids. We assessed browsing damage of three-year-old trees in a common environment field trial on four hybrid types of known progeny. The progency were artificial intra-race crosses and reciprocal inter-race F₁ hybrids of two geographically distinct populations (races) of E. globulus; north-eastern Tasmania and south-eastern Tasmania. Populations of trees from north-eastern Tasmania are relatively susceptible to browsing by T. vulpecula, while populations from south-eastern Tasmania are more resistant. We assessed the preferences of these trees in a series of paired feeding trials with captive animals to test the field trial results and also investigated the patterns of inheritance of plant secondary metabolites. Our results demonstrated that the phenotypic expression of resistance of the inter-race F₁ hybrids supported the additive pattern of inheritance, as these hybrids were intermediate in resistance compared to the pure parental hybrids. The expression of plant secondary metabolites in the F₁ hybrids varied among groups of individual compounds. The most common pattern supported was dominance towards one of the parental types. Together, condensed tannins and essential oils appeared to explain the observed patterns of resistance among the four hybrid types. While both chemical groups were inherited in a dominant manner in the inter-race F₁ hybrids, the direction of dominance was opposite. Their combined concentration, however, was inherited in an additive manner, consistent with the phenotypic differences in browsing.     

高压静电场纺丝法制备羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯超细纤维

通过高压静电场纺丝法制备了羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯(HPMCP)的超细纤维,并详细研究了溶液浓度、纺丝电压及混合溶剂的配比对纤维形态和直径的影响。当混合溶剂中的无水乙醇与二氯甲烷为1∶1(V/V)时,在纺丝电压为30kV的条件下,HPMCP可纺丝的浓度范围为7%～16%(wt)。溶液浓度为7%时,电纺得到珠状纤维;浓度大于8%时,得到表面光滑的圆柱状纤维。随着纺丝溶液浓度的增大,所得纤维的平均直径逐渐增大。在HPMCP溶液浓度(8%)和溶剂组成(无水乙醇/二氯甲烷=1∶1)保持一定时,随着纺丝电压的增大,所得纤维的平均直径呈下降的趋势。而在纺丝浓度和电压一定的情况下,随着混合溶剂中二氯甲烷体积分数的增大,所得纤维的平均直径先增大后减小,无水乙醇与二氯甲烷体积比为1∶1和1∶2时,所得纤维的直径分布相对集中。     

Studies on engineering properties of PVC–PMMA semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks

Semi1 and semi2 interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of PVC and in situ formed PMMA have been synthesized using diallyl phthalate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinkers of PVC and PMMA, respectively. These two types of IPNs have been compared w.r.t their physical, mechanical, and thermal properties and an endeavor has been made to find a correlation of these properties with the morphology generated in these systems. The semi1 IPNs displayed a decrease in their mechanical parameters and the physical properties as well, while in contrast, the semi2 IPNs exhibited a marginal increase in the corresponding values after an initial drop upto about 15% of crosslinked PMMA incorporation when compared to the crosslinked PVC in the case of semi1 IPN and linear PVC in the case of semi2 IPN. The various samples of semi1 and semi2 IPNs showed a two‐stage degradation typical of PVC, while confirming the increased stability with the samples having higher percentages of PMMA. The influence of crosslinking of the major matrix in semi1 IPN was almost counterbalanced by the influence of crosslinking in the dispersed PMMA phase in the case of semi2 IPN. The softening characteristics as detected by the extent of penetration of the probe, as has been detected by thermomechanical analysis, are in conformity with their mechanicals. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1725–1735, 2005