Effects of urea fertigation of apple trees on soil pH,exchangeable cations and extractable manganese in a sandy loam soil in New Zealand

Changes in soil pH, exchangeable aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) and extractable manganese (Mn) were investigated after urea fertigation of a sandy loam soil in an apple orchard in New Zealand. Urea at three rates (0, 25, 50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 or 0, 16.9, 33.8 g N emitter^–1 yr^–1) was applied in 4 equal fertigations. Soil cores at 4 profile depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) directly below and 20 cm from the emitter were sampled approximately 4 weeks after each fertigation and in the following winter. Results obtained showed that the largest changes in soil pH and cations occurred in soils directly below the emitter in the 50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 treatment where the soil pH decreased by 1.6 pH units at all soil depths. The lowest pH of 4.3 was observed at a depth of 27 cm. Exchangeable Al and extractable Mn levels increased to 11 meq kg^–1 and 78µg g^–1 respectively. Estimated losses of Ca, Mg and K from the upper soil profile depth (0–10 cm) represented 23, 63 and 27% of their respective total exchangeable levels. At lower profile depths (>20 cm), accumulation of displaced K was evident. Variable, and generally non-significant, chemical changes recorded in soils 20 cm from the emitter were attributed to restricted lateral water movement, and therefore urea movement, down the profile.The present study showed that one season of urea fertigation by trickle emitters, applied to a sandy loam, at half the rate conventionally applied to apple orchards (50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1) resulted in pH and mineral element imbalances which were potentially and sufficiently severe to inhibit tree growth.     

Bauxite residue (red mud) increases phosphorus retention in sandy soil catchments in Western Australia

The Peel-Harvey estuary on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia has become eutrophic partly because of the leaching of fertiliser phosphorus from sandy soils. The acid, coarse textured sandy soils are predominantly quartz, have a low iron and aluminium content and do not retain phosphorus. Red mud, derived from bauxite, is a by-product of the alumina industry and has the ability to retain phosphorus. Retention of phosphorus is enhanced when the red mud is neutralised with gypsum. Red mud has been suggested as a soil amendment to reduce phosphorus leaching.To investigate the reduction in the leaching of phosphorus from soils amended with red mud, weirs were constructed at the outlets from a pair of catchments to quantify the amount of phosphorus in the streamflow. Both catchments were deep grey Bassendean sand. One of the catchments was treated with 80 t/ha of red mud which had been neutralised with waste gypsum from the phosphate industry. The red mud was applied to the soil surface using conventional fertiliser spreading equipment. The other catchment was untreated.The red mud reduced phosphorus loss by 70% from 13.8 kg/ha on the untreated catchment, to 4.2 kg/ha on the treated catchment. Both catchments were treated with 20.4 kg/ha of phosphorus as superphosphate. The catchment treated with red mud also received a further 41.5 kg/ha of phosphorus from the phosphogypsum that was used to neutralise the red mud.Our results show that red mud reduces phosphorus leaching and is potentially a nutrient management option in sandy soils. Red mud has the potential to reduce the impact of agriculture on the estuarine environment and has implications for the continued expansion and intensification of agriculture in the Peel-Harvey catchment.     

基于改进一次二阶矩法的砂土液化判别方法

通过对改进一次二阶矩可靠性分析方法进行研究,提出了一种基于标准贯入击数极限状态方程的地震液化可靠度评估方法,并用Matlab 7．0编制了相应的地震液化概率判别程序。用该可靠性分析方法对1976年河北唐山大地震的资料进行了液化概率分析,并与实测值和规范判别法计算结果进行了对比。结果表明：该方法具有可行性和精确性,为砂土液化势评估提供了一种有效的新方法。     

Fuzzy deduction methods of selecting the underwater terrain navigation matching area

To overcome the problems of not describing terrain matching characteristics totally with a single terrain feature parameter in underwater navigation terrain database, an evaluation method named Vague set is proposed to describe the terrain suitability comprehensively based on the fuzzy decision making (FDM) method. The membership functions and non-membership functions of the Vague set are used to define the influence of the terrain map characteristics parameters on matching suitability, and comprehensive evaluation values of matching areas are obtained by the weighted score function method. Simulation results demonstrate that the terrain map suitability is positively proportional to the comprehensive evaluation value, while the matching position error is negatively proportional to the comprehensive evaluation value of the matching area. The Vague set can choose the optimal matching areaeffectively, and solve the problem that the single topographic map featurecannot evaluate suitability comprehensively.     

砂性土坡面防护结构抗降雨冲刷性能试验研究

针对砂性土堤防坡面抗雨水冲刷能力弱的工程实际,建立砂性土坡面冲刷试验模型,开展降雨冲刷试验,研究不同砂性土堤防坡面保护层抗冲刷性能。分析降雨条件下不同砂性土堤防坡面保护层的冲刷过程,总结出沙土、膨润土与秸秆三者混合形成的坡面保护层能够抵抗雨水冲刷、保障植物种子顺利成长,便于施工。     

峡谷和垭口地形风场特征的CFD数值模拟

为获得峡谷和垭口地形的风场特征和典型位置的风加速效应,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法进行模拟计算,将计算得到的单山结果与风洞试验及规范进行对比以验证CFD计算的有效性,对峡谷和垭口地形进行数值模拟计算,分析峡谷和垭口在不同山脚间距时的加速效应,针对内侧山脚和山顶处的加速比给出设计建议.研究表明:山顶处加速比最大;山体横风切面的加速效应比顺风切面显著;CFD模拟与风洞试验结果吻合较好;山顶处,垭口地形风加速效应比峡谷和单山都大;内侧山脚加速比随着两山靠近而增大;内侧山脚处,峡谷地形的加速比小于规范下限,垭口地形在山间距小于一半山体底部直径、离山表面高度低于0.4倍山体高度时的加速比大于规范上限;山顶处的加速比在各种工况下均比较接近;不建议将山顶和垭口位置作为构筑物的选址地点.     

浅埋式滴灌苜蓿耗水规律和产量 对不同灌水定额的响应

为确定适宜多砾石砂土浅埋式滴灌苜蓿的灌溉制度, 试验设定 5 种灌水定额( 22. 5、 30.0、 37.5、 45.0 和 52.5 mm) 并以地面灌为对照组( CK) , 研究灌水定额对浅埋式滴灌苜蓿耗水规律和产量的影响。结果表明: 不同灌水定额下各茬苜蓿的耗水强度为第 2 茬> 第 1 茬> 第 3 茬, 且均在孕蕾期达到峰值。各茬苜蓿的总耗水量表现为第 2 茬> 第 3 茬> 第 1 茬, 且耗水量分别在分枝期、初花期及孕蕾期最高。灌水定额大于 45.0 mm 时, 耗水强度增加趋势不明显且与地面灌( CK) 相近。45.0 mm 灌水定额与地面灌( CK) 间的耗水量差异不显著( P < 0.05) 。高灌水定 额( 45.0、52.5 mm) 与地面灌( CK) 之间的总耗水量、总产量以及总水分利用效率差异不显著, 与低灌水定额( 22.5、 30.0、37.5 mm) 差异显著( P < 0.05) , 且各茬苜蓿此三项指标的差异性一致。总产量与总水分利用效率在灌水定额 为 45.0 mm 处达到最大, 与地面灌( CK) 相比分别增加了 9.05% 、14.54% 。选用 45.0 mm 灌水定额和 54.0 mm 灌溉定额作为多砾石砂土浅埋式滴灌苜蓿灌溉制度较为合适。     

深厚粘土层冻结管受力机理模拟分析

针对杨村煤矿副井407．3m～445．35m段特厚砂质粘土层冻结管断裂情况,本文利用有限元软件ABAQUS进行受力机理模拟分析,得到冻结管应力、位移分布规律,从而判断出冻结管断裂位置在砂质粘土与砂土交界处,通过与现场监测情况进行对比,分析出冻结管受力断裂主要原因在于两种土层冻胀不同造成的,并提出相关施工建议为后期矿井建设提供参考。     

土的电阻率与饱和度的关系研究

采用自制的绝缘模型进行砂土、黄土、黏土的室内电阻率和饱和度的试验.分析数据可知,三种土样的共同点是：电阻率随着饱和度的增大,幂函数关系减小;当土样接近饱和时,电阻率趋于稳定.不同点是：在干密度和饱和度相同时,砂土的电阻率最大,黏土的电阻率最小;砂土的电阻率对饱和度变化的敏感性强于黄土和黏土.本试验揭示了砂土、黄土、黏土的电阻率与饱和度的关系,为使用电测法测量土工参数提供了理论依据.     

北京地区浅层采空区高密度电法探测应用分析

高密度电法已广泛应用于煤层采空区探测之中,采空区充填性质的不同造成其在高密度电法数据剖面中的表现特征也不相同。本文主要介绍运用高密度电法进行浅层小煤窑采空区探测的一些经验和案例。采用高密度电法中的温纳装置对门头沟地区未充填、部分充填的小煤窑巷道和石景山区富水充填的小煤窑采空区的探测,取得了很好的效果。探测结果显示,未充填和部分充填的小煤窑巷道表现为高视电阻率异常,位置与测线周边发现的小煤窑窑口位置相对应。而富水充填的小煤窑采空区表现为低视电阻率异常,经钻探验证,采空区内充填有富含水的粉末状的煤灰,含坑木。需注意在山区进行高密度电法测试时,台阶状的地形对高密度电法测试的干扰影响较大,以温纳装置为例,测试数据在台阶地形处表现为高低阻相邻的八字形干扰,且电极距越小,干扰越明显。