Thermal evaluation of the use of porous ceramic plates on ventilated façades—part II: Thermal behavior

The effects of porous ceramic plates on the thermal behavior of ventilated façades were evaluated, and the results are presented herein. Thermal behavior in a ventilated façade of specimens containing 40 wt% of lime mud and a firing temperature of 1100°C was evaluated and compared with a commercial porcelain ceramic tile, which was the reference material. An experimental apparatus was designed to evaluate the thermal performance of the studied ventilated façades. The results revealed that the ventilated façade composed of the studied porous ceramic tiles produced a greater reduction in temperature between the external environmental and the interior of a box representing a building (ΔT5) of 65.7°C, compared with the façade composed of the commercial porcelain ceramic tiles (ΔT5 = 56.0°C) and even the traditional façade (ΔT5 = 49.1°C). Thus, porous ceramic tiles based on byproducts are promising candidates for ventilated façade systems.     

Bubble Formation at a Rotating Cylindrical Surface in Cross‐Flowing Liquid

A novel method of gas sparging from a rotating cylinder is proposed, which prevents against formation of large attached gas cavities in cross‐flowing liquids including those flowing downwards. Experimental and theoretical results regarding critical rotation speed necessary to remove the attached cavity, bubble formation process and size distribution of the produced bubbles in a low viscosity system (air‐water) are presented in this study.     

超空泡航行体加速段控制设计

为研究超空泡航行体在加速阶段动力学建模及稳定控制设计问题,根据空泡截面独立膨胀原理研究了空泡形态及其轴线的偏移,并考虑了空泡记忆效应、重力、空化器定向效应及航行体攻角的影响.采用细长体理论计算了超空泡航行体各区域的流体动力,建立超空泡航行体加速段纵平面内运动数学模型,设计了基于输入输出精确线性化的深度跟踪控制器,并对此进行数学仿真.仿真结果表明:控制器跟踪效果良好;滑行力在极短时间内变为零,有利于提高航行体的稳定性及减小部分沾湿区的摩擦阻力.     

超高速水下航行器横滚控制研究

超高速水下航行器航行时由于被超空泡包裹着,使得其工况变得更为复杂,控制难度进一步加大;为了抑制或消除横滚,文章通过分析超高速水下航行器的运动特点,建立了航行器横滚运动模型方程,并进行特性分析和控制规律综合设计,最后提出使用配置控制面的方法来实现它的横滚控制;此方法的使用既为系统提供控制力又解决了系统弱阻尼的问题,同时还提高了系统的响应速度;最后运用PD算法,分析它的动态特性和幅频特性,仿真结果表明此方案简单,容易实现,且鲁棒性好,满足系统的要求。     

Modelling and Thermal Analysis of Tray‐layered Fruits inside Ventilated Packages during Forced‐air Precooling

Ventilated packaging is widely used in the forced‐air precooling practice for horticultural produce. Fresh fruits are living organisms which are sensitive to temperature in turn related to airflow and heat transfer inside package. In this study, a transient mathematical model considering heat of respiration and evaporation is developed to predict the thermal response of tray‐layered fruits in ventilated packages during forced‐air precooling. Specifically, the heat source is combined with the energy conservation equation and loaded into numerical solution by User Defined Function (UDF). Temperature profiles of three variously distributed circular and oblong vents in three different patterns (spaced, paralleled and crossed stacking) are simulated, separately. The results show that the heat source affects fruit cooling process, and the layered fruit in paralleled stacking pattern tends to be cooled better than others. Furthermore, the results indicate that vertical oblong vent could improve the longitudinal and lateral airflow, while non‐central vent design could greatly improve the overall cooling performance. Definitely a triangular distribution of three circular vents was superior to laterally distributed centre vents with 66.5% higher uniformity and 2.5°C lower of the highest temperature. Compared with the three identical vertical oblong vent conditions, vent design with one hand hole and two side vertical oblong vents can be cooled more uniformly with an increase of 6.5%. It is revealed that vents with large major‐to‐minor axis ratio could be applied to balance airflow and ease cooling differences for a rapid but uniform cooling. Experimental validations were performed for Sim2, Sim4 and Sim6, Sim8, Sim9, and good agreement was obtained considering the five vent conditions with the error less than 3.5°C but coordinated later (within the limits of the experimental uncertainty).Thus the numerical model can be used to predict and optimize temperature distribution within precooling packages. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自然超空泡航行体弹道稳定性分析

针对空化数实时变化的自然超空泡航行体的弹道稳定性问题,建立了纵平面内的简化运动方程,完成了弹道仿真程序的改进和完善,并仿真分析了其在110 m/s速度下的弹道特性.仿真结果表明,由于空化数变化使航行体受力失衡,航行体的姿态与受力互相影响,使航行体在超空泡壁面附近做规律性的振荡.     

超空泡图像的图像增强算法

针对水下高速射弹超空泡图像照度不均匀的问题,分析了现有各算法的特性,综合抛物线调整的直方图均衡化和增强细节的自适应直方图均衡化方法对水下高速射弹超空泡图像进行增强,并结合边缘检测技术进行信息反馈,找出了针对超空泡图像的抛物线调整直方图均衡化方法的最优参数.在增强细节的同时减少了噪音的产生,为准确获取空泡外形提供了有利的条件.     

Mixed convective heat transfer enhancement in a ventilated cavity by flow modulation via rotating plate

The present study numerically explores the mixed convection phenomena in a differentially heated ventilated square cavity with active flow modulation via a rotating plate. Forced convection flow in the cavity is attained by maintaining external fluid flow through an opening at the bottom of the left cavity wall while leaving it through another opening at the right cavity wall. A counter-clockwise rotating plate at the center of the cavity acts as an active flow modulator. Moving mesh approach is used for the rotation of the plate and the numerical solution is achieved using arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element formulation with a quadrilateral discretization scheme. Transient parametric simulations have been performed for various frequency of the rotating plate for a fixed Reynolds number (Re) of 100 based on maximum inlet flow velocity while the Richardson number (Ri) is maintained at unity. Heat transfer performance has been evaluated in terms of spatially averaged Nusselt number and time-averaged Nusselt number along the heated wall. Power spectrum analysis in the frequency domain obtained from the fast Fourier transform analysis indicates that thermal frequency and plate frequency start to deviate from each other at higher values of velocity ratio (>4).     

基于k-ωSST模型的DES方法在空化流动计算中的应用

基于试验结果评价了基于k-ωSST两个方程的DES湍流模型在空化流动中的应用,分别计算了绕Clark-y型水翼云状空化与Hydronautics型水翼超空化流动,获得了随时间变化的空穴形态与流场结构细节。通过与试验结果对比发现,DES方法对于高雷诺数的绕水翼空化流动的预测是合理的,可以准确地模拟出空穴形态的非定常特性和空泡团交替脱落的非定常细节。     

混合对流作用下通风小室内流动换热的数值模拟

本文对一个侧壁受定热流作用的通风小室在两种气流组织型式下的混合对流换热情况进行了数值模拟,计算得到了流场,温度场及混合对流条件下室内的换热情况等随雷诺数Ｒａ的变化规律。