Thermal evaluation of the use of porous ceramic plates on ventilated façades—part II: Thermal behavior

The effects of porous ceramic plates on the thermal behavior of ventilated façades were evaluated, and the results are presented herein. Thermal behavior in a ventilated façade of specimens containing 40 wt% of lime mud and a firing temperature of 1100°C was evaluated and compared with a commercial porcelain ceramic tile, which was the reference material. An experimental apparatus was designed to evaluate the thermal performance of the studied ventilated façades. The results revealed that the ventilated façade composed of the studied porous ceramic tiles produced a greater reduction in temperature between the external environmental and the interior of a box representing a building (ΔT5) of 65.7°C, compared with the façade composed of the commercial porcelain ceramic tiles (ΔT5 = 56.0°C) and even the traditional façade (ΔT5 = 49.1°C). Thus, porous ceramic tiles based on byproducts are promising candidates for ventilated façade systems.     

Bubble Formation at a Rotating Cylindrical Surface in Cross‐Flowing Liquid

A novel method of gas sparging from a rotating cylinder is proposed, which prevents against formation of large attached gas cavities in cross‐flowing liquids including those flowing downwards. Experimental and theoretical results regarding critical rotation speed necessary to remove the attached cavity, bubble formation process and size distribution of the produced bubbles in a low viscosity system (air‐water) are presented in this study.     

Modelling and Thermal Analysis of Tray‐layered Fruits inside Ventilated Packages during Forced‐air Precooling

Ventilated packaging is widely used in the forced‐air precooling practice for horticultural produce. Fresh fruits are living organisms which are sensitive to temperature in turn related to airflow and heat transfer inside package. In this study, a transient mathematical model considering heat of respiration and evaporation is developed to predict the thermal response of tray‐layered fruits in ventilated packages during forced‐air precooling. Specifically, the heat source is combined with the energy conservation equation and loaded into numerical solution by User Defined Function (UDF). Temperature profiles of three variously distributed circular and oblong vents in three different patterns (spaced, paralleled and crossed stacking) are simulated, separately. The results show that the heat source affects fruit cooling process, and the layered fruit in paralleled stacking pattern tends to be cooled better than others. Furthermore, the results indicate that vertical oblong vent could improve the longitudinal and lateral airflow, while non‐central vent design could greatly improve the overall cooling performance. Definitely a triangular distribution of three circular vents was superior to laterally distributed centre vents with 66.5% higher uniformity and 2.5°C lower of the highest temperature. Compared with the three identical vertical oblong vent conditions, vent design with one hand hole and two side vertical oblong vents can be cooled more uniformly with an increase of 6.5%. It is revealed that vents with large major‐to‐minor axis ratio could be applied to balance airflow and ease cooling differences for a rapid but uniform cooling. Experimental validations were performed for Sim2, Sim4 and Sim6, Sim8, Sim9, and good agreement was obtained considering the five vent conditions with the error less than 3.5°C but coordinated later (within the limits of the experimental uncertainty).Thus the numerical model can be used to predict and optimize temperature distribution within precooling packages. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mixed convective heat transfer enhancement in a ventilated cavity by flow modulation via rotating plate

The present study numerically explores the mixed convection phenomena in a differentially heated ventilated square cavity with active flow modulation via a rotating plate. Forced convection flow in the cavity is attained by maintaining external fluid flow through an opening at the bottom of the left cavity wall while leaving it through another opening at the right cavity wall. A counter-clockwise rotating plate at the center of the cavity acts as an active flow modulator. Moving mesh approach is used for the rotation of the plate and the numerical solution is achieved using arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element formulation with a quadrilateral discretization scheme. Transient parametric simulations have been performed for various frequency of the rotating plate for a fixed Reynolds number (Re) of 100 based on maximum inlet flow velocity while the Richardson number (Ri) is maintained at unity. Heat transfer performance has been evaluated in terms of spatially averaged Nusselt number and time-averaged Nusselt number along the heated wall. Power spectrum analysis in the frequency domain obtained from the fast Fourier transform analysis indicates that thermal frequency and plate frequency start to deviate from each other at higher values of velocity ratio (>4).     

圆盘空化器超空泡形态三维数值模拟研究

基于结构化网格,运用N-S方程及k一ε湍流方程对均质流场求解,引入修正的Rayleigh-Plesset方程模拟空泡问题。对三维圆盘空化器在不同空化数下进行超空化流动数值模拟,将仿真结果与经验公式进行对比,二者具有良好的一致性。并且解决了带攻角圆盘空化器生成超空泡的数值模拟问题,详细分析了带攻角圆盘空化器生成超空泡的形态特征,总结了带攻角圆盘空化器与无攻角圆盘空化器的优缺点,为优化超空泡形态,实现高效减阻提供了参考依据。     

混合对流作用下通风小室内流动换热的数值模拟

本文对一个侧壁受定热流作用的通风小室在两种气流组织型式下的混合对流换热情况进行了数值模拟,计算得到了流场,温度场及混合对流条件下室内的换热情况等随雷诺数Ｒａ的变化规律。     

Numerical Simulation for Ventilated Supercavitation High Speed Underwater Vehicle

Supercavitation is a revolutionary technique to achieve high drag reduction for underwater vehicle. It can help us to break through the conventional speed barrier. This article presents a numerical algorithm for ventilated supercavitation flow field based on mixture multiphase flow model, briefs the calculation results and compares them with that tested in high-speed water tunnel and towing tank. The mathematical model, its numerical calculation method, computational region and boundary conditions are discussed in detail. Some pertinent nondimensional parameters about the ventilated supercavitation, such as geometrical configuration of supercavity, drag coefficient and ventilation rate are investigated. Reynolds number is selected to predict gas ventilation rate instead of Froude number. Finally, based on the test and simulation results, a semi-empirical formula of the ventilation rate estimation suitable for different conical angle caritators is proposed.     

水下高速射弹超空泡形态与阻力特性研究

基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的单一介质可变密度混合模型,建立了自然空化流动的多相流模型,利用软件Fluent6.0对水下高速射弹空泡流动进行了数值模拟,计算了4种射弹模型在高速运动下的超空泡形态以及阻力系数,分析了射弹空化器直径、长细比和空化敷等对射弹超空泡几何形态以及阻力特性的影响.仿真结果表明,随着空化数的增加,超空泡直径与长度减小;空化器直径对射弹阻力特性的影响显著;增加航行体的长细比,可以获得更小的阻力系数.     

头支撑下空化器外形对通气超空泡的影响

目前,空化器外形对超空泡形态的影响研究都是在空化器前的流场未被干扰时进行的,当水洞试验因采用头部支撑方式而影响了空化器前的流场时,通气超空泡形态随空化器外形的变化规律尚不明确。本文应用计算流体力学(CFD)仿真软件FLUENT,参照头支撑下通气超空泡生成的试验模型,建立了随空化器直径、连接杆直径和空化器锥角变化的仿真模型。在通气量一定的情况下,通气超空泡的长度和长径比随头支撑连接杆的增大而增大,随空化器直径的增大而减小,随空化器锥角的减小而增大,并深入研究了空化器外形对空泡尺寸的影响规律,为水洞超空泡试验在头支撑方式下空化器外形的设计提供参考。     

基于ALE方法的弹性圆柱壳入水时的流固耦合模拟

为了获得头型及材料弹性对圆柱壳入水过程中头部变形、压力分布、入水空泡形态及入水运动状态的影响,采用ALE方法,基于有限元软件ANSYS\LS-DYNA,对平头、120°锥角、90°锥角弹性圆柱壳的入水过程进行了数值模拟,对平头弹性圆柱实体和平头刚性圆柱壳进行计算,并对模拟结果进行对比。结果表明:入水过程中空泡直径随着锥角的增大而增大,锥角越大,圆柱壳上表面的变形越大,最大变形出现的时间越早:平头弹性圆柱壳在0.1 ms时出现最大变形0.84 mm,120°锥角弹性圆柱壳在0.3 ms时出现最大变形0.54 mm,90°锥角弹性圆柱壳在0.5 ms时出现最大变形0.43 mm; 下表面受到的压力越大,圆柱壳的速度衰减越快; 平头圆柱壳下表面的变形与振动频率大于上表面; 上表面的变形是由惯性引起的,下表面的变形是由流体冲击力引起的。