Landscapes of Challenge and Change: Contested Views of the Cairngorms National Park

The Scottish model of national parks reflects wider changes in the management of special or protected landscapes. This paper uses Ingold's dwelling conceptualisation of landscape to reflect on how material and cultural processes affect stakeholders' perceptions of the Cairngorms National Park in Scotland, UK. Important to understanding different views, is the separation, unique to the Cairngorms, of ‘the park’ from its management organisation. The paper argues that this separation creates a conceptual space for the negotiation of contested claims regarding the park. Such claims reflect not only the relationship between people and place, or as Ingold (2000) puts it, the landscape as it is known to those who dwell in it; they also represent vested interests and regimes of power concerning what happens in specific places. These claims do not reproduce simple splits between, for example, public/private or conservation/development but show a more complex picture.     

英国苏格兰国家公园管理模式研究

苏格兰国家公园的管理理念是英国国家公园理念的继承和发展,其资源管理、社会经济管理和旅游管理三大目标的可持续发展构成了国家公园管理目标的核心。以凯恩戈姆山为代表的国家公园的管理模式体现在协同管理的机构设置、愿景共享的伙伴关系和目标分解的规划体系。归纳出苏格兰与我国建立国家公园管理制度的历史阶段相似、人类活动对国家公园资源改造影响较大、不同利益主体对于保护地利益冲突都较大的特点,以期解决我国建立国家公园管理制度所面对的“一与多”“左与右”“公与众”“存与用”“前与后”“内与外”“上与下”等问题提供解决思路和借鉴。     

Heat exchanges and temperatures within a salmon spawning stream in the Cairngorms,Scotland: seasonal and sub‐seasonal dynamics

Stream temperatures are often used to predict salmonid embryo development; but there are very few medium‐term studies of the heat exchanges determining water column and bed temperatures. Furthermore, no research exists on the energy balance for sub‐arctic Scottish rivers. This paper reports results of a hydrometeorological study of a Cairngorm stream (Girnock burn, northeast Scotland) over the salmon spawning–hatch season (late October 2001 to mid‐April 2002) that aims: (1) to characterize seasonal and sub‐seasonal stream energy budget and thermal dynamics; and (2) to explain these variations with respect to meteorological and hydrological factors. In terms of average energy flux contributions, sensible heat (38.7%), the bed heat flux (37.0%) and friction at the stream bed and banks (24.3%) are heat sources, while latent heat (73.1%) and net radiation (26.9%) are heat sinks. All energy losses and 38.7% of heat gains occur at the air–water interface; and 61.3% of energy gains (including friction) take place at the water–channel bed interface. Typically, temperatures increase (+1.97°C) and show dampening of thermal response from the water column to depth in the stream bed. The most salient findings include: (1) the stream bed (atmosphere) is the dominant energy source (sink) for heating (cooling) channel water, which may be attributed to inferred heat advection by groundwater up‐welling into the bed of this upland stream; (2) sensible heat is the primary atmospheric energy source due to limited net radiation; (3) friction at the stream bed and banks is an important heat source. Energy budget terms and temperatures exhibit (sub‐)seasonal changes in response to meteorological and hydrological conditions; a schematic diagram is presented to summarize these results. This paper clearly illustrates the need for further medium‐ to long‐term empirical stream energy balance research to characterize heat flux dynamics and, thus, understand and predict water temperature variations over time‐scales of relevance to biological studies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

英国国家公园合作伙伴管理模式研究——以苏格兰凯恩戈姆斯国家公园为例

以凯恩戈姆斯国家公园为例,对英国国家公园"合作伙伴"(Partnership)管理模式进行深入研究。首先对其合作伙伴管理模式进行总体介绍;然后对土地管理、社区发展、自然保护、商业发展等4种合作伙伴管理模式进行分析,包括制度背景、公园管理局及主题合作伙伴组织的责权利等;最后总结为3方面特点,合作伙伴责权利的法律制度保障、合作伙伴对象和内容的多元化、国家公园管理机构在核心责权利中的主导性;并提出中国国家公园建立"国家主导、共同参与"的管理体制可借鉴之处。