Turning tradition into an instrument of research: The editorship of William Nicholson (1753–1815)

Mainly known for its links to the periodical market and radical politics, this article recontextualizes the editorship of William Nicholson (1753–1815) in terms of its roots in the metropolitan natural philosophical circles of the second half of the 18th century as well as its impact on experimenters and men of science after 1797. The article argues that Nicholson's editorship of the Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts was a means to expand his philosophical significance among natural philosophers at home and abroad—and was, in fact, a form of epistemological subversion that challenged the “Banksian Learned Empire.”     

Hutchinsonianism and the Newtonian Enlightenment

Abstract. Historians of science have labeled followers of the 18th cosmologist John Hutchinson (1674– 1737) as anti‐Newtonian. While Hutchinson was clearly anti‐Newtonian, this was not the case with later followers like George Horne and William Jones. Horne and Jones sought a rapprochement between Newton and Hutchinson; in their hands, interpretations of Newton's works were refashioned to support Hutchinson's biblically based cosmos and Trinitarian natural philosophy. Newton's thought could be used by conservative Anglican Churchmen to battle religious heterodoxy. This raises problems for traditional Enlightenment historiography which views Newtonianism as a set of ideas which supported and reinforced emerging modern forms of political and religious thought.     

传播媒介的使用与误用——雷蒙德·威廉斯的传播异化批判理论

雷蒙德.威廉斯是英国文化研究的开拓者之一,在文学、文化与社会等研究领域取得了巨大的成就,但他在传播领域所进行的革命性探索却很容易为人们所忽视,这种探索也并没有为后来的英国文化研究者所继承。在传播媒介无孔不入的今天,如何建构一种真正健康的大众文化,从而建构一个文化民主的共同体,是我们要面对的问题。重新审视威廉斯的传播思想会让我们有所收获。     

The National Security Agency and the William F. Friedman Collection

In addition to being one of the founders of modern American cryptology, William Friedman was a noted cryptologic historian who amassed a major collection of cryptologic literature and artifacts in both his personal and official files. Drawing on over 50,000 pages of documents newly released by the National Security Agency and other sources, this article places the man, his career, and his collections in the context of the government's changing secrecy policies of the early Cold War to offer new insights into Friedman's sometimes fraught relationship with that agency, its efforts to influence the amount and nature of cryptologic information in the public domain, and a series of confrontations over his personal and private papers.     

北极星爵士：“启蒙运动”时期中、欧 建筑与园林艺术交流的文化使者——纪念 威廉·钱伯斯300周年诞辰

2023年是北极星爵士——威廉·钱伯斯300周年诞辰。这位生于瑞典的苏格兰裔英国新古典主义建筑大师出身于海员，在追求个人兴趣的因缘际会下开启了中欧建筑、园林艺术在专业层面交流的先河。通过回顾这位文化使者生平的同时，尝试提出“‘英-华园’范式”概念，并指出其成为欧洲“启蒙运动”时期那一代“开明君主”青睐的王家园林摹本而风靡一时，亦因多处实践成果列入世界文化遗产而影响至今。同时，作为一篇纪念文章，在写作上通过对历史大背景下的相关事件联想式地展开，希望能够跳出就事论事的考据，以引发之外的一些思考。     

El Sur Global: Future Resilient City

Shifting the focus from futuristic visions, Alfredo Brillembourg and Hubert Klumpner with Alexis Kalagas of interdisciplinary design practice Urban-Think Tank urge us to ‘forget about utopia’, for in the most part the urban environment of 2050 is already built. Architects’ sights need to be set on the sometimes grim and unfolding reality of favelas and the world's informal cities.     

To a Curator of Beautiful and Healthy Lives: A Note to Myself

How might architectural thinking and processes shift over the next 35 years? How might the architect's role be redefined with shifting ethical values? Could the architect be viewed as less of a design professional and more of a curator engaged in the development of healthy holistic environments, catering for all of society's needs? DaeWha Kang , an architect from 2050, writes to his earlier self, critiquing the work that he undertook in independent practice and as a design director at Zaha Hadid Architects in the mid-2010s. He describes how his design methodologies have evolved in the intervening years.     

Estimation of the Risk Associated to Marketing of Swine Meat Contaminated with Salmonella spp., Employing the William T. Fine Method

Swine meat is a growing market in Colombia, reaching 3.1 million of carcasses sold in 2014. However, it is estimated that the proportion of hogs illegally marketed can be up to 50%, which exposes the population to foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella. The aim of this study was to estimate the risk associated to the marketing of swine meat contaminated with Salmonella, using the William T. Fine method in Tolima Department. The risk scenarios applied to four municipalities positive for Salmonella showed a medium and low level of risk, and an exposed population of 114,000 people, representing 8.7% of the Department's population. In the worst-case scenario, costs for hospitalization and compensation could represent more than US$ 145 billion for the biggest municipality. It can be concluded that the William T. Fine method is applicable for biological risk analysis focused on foodborne pathogen outbreaks.