Restoration of small lakes through cooperative management: A suitable strategy for poverty‐laden areas in developing countries?

Lake Rupa is a small, subtropical, shallow lake with a surface area of 100 ha situated 600 m a.s.l. in Central Himalaya, Nepal. This degraded lake was studied between 2000 and 2006, with the goal of determining whether or not it could be restored by a community‐based cooperative of local people living in its catchment. Main threats to the lake, its aquatic life and its very existence include encroachment by excessive aquatic vegetation, sedimentation, and low in‐lake concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO). Small lakes (≤ 500 ha) are relatively prone to the process of ‘succession and climax’, although they also can be of social, environmental and ecological importance. Thus, their disappearance could spark social chaos and disorder in areas already having to cope with other rapid environmental changes. This means that credible mechanisms for revitalizing or protecting small lakes are an important goal. Accordingly, a lake cooperative of 329 households living in close vicinity to Lake Rupa was formed in 2002, by prioritizing traditional fishers, women and other deprived community members with the goals of respecting the citizenry and equity. Following the cooperative's campaigns directed at weed removal and fish stocking, encroachment of vegetation on the lake margins was halted, its aquatic weeds became under control, and its fisheries improved. In addition to the cooperative's restoration activities, several water quality parameters, including water transparency and DO and chlorophyll‐a concentrations, were monitored on a monthly basis. The measured water transparency was inconsistent, exhibiting large variations between 2000 and 2003. Relatively low, but consistent, values, however, were measured after 2004. The results imply that the removal of weeds, and sufficient nutrients and solar radiation are subsequently available to the lake's phytoplankton communities. Supporting this notion is that the chlorophyll‐a concentration spiked to 205 µg L⁻¹ in November 2006, the water transparency became consistent, and the DO concentration increased to >3.8 mg L⁻¹ during the critical months (March–May) after 2004. These water quality indicators indicated improvement in the degraded Lake Rupa, suggesting that the establishment of cooperatives such as that highlighted in this study could be a powerful and sustainable mechanism for restoring degraded lakes in similar socioeconomic settings by maintaining equity, by connecting communities with their resources, and by facilitating integrity, equity, citizenry and social justice.     

社会比较对薪酬不公平感的心理作用机制

运用社会比较理论,分析了在组织内部影响薪酬不公平感的社会比较类型与评判内容;利用对比效应与同化效应,解释了薪酬不公平感的形成。在此基础上,探讨了人力资源管理中减少或克服人际攀比带来不良影响的途径。     

基于改进的NSGA2算法考虑病患公平性及医院运作成本的病床配置优化研究

针对目前医院病床调度存在运营成本较大以及医患关系之间公平性的问题,提出一个考虑医院运作成本和病患公平性下单科室病床分配的多目标随机规划模型。首先,根据基于医院的相关政策,提出一个考虑响应性与准入性的权重测度指标来反映医患关系的公平性,并考虑医院的运作成本建立多目标随机规划模型;其次,为方便算法求解,引入线性化方法将复杂模型处理成混合整数线性模型;最后,采用改进后的NSGA2算法对多目标问题求解,并对算例进行不同的数值实验。通过调整不同的参数进行相对应的灵敏度分析,改进后的算法提升了算法的收敛性与多样性,实验结果验证了模型的有效性和适用性。     

From IP to Start-up： Building a Robust Life Science Incubator

An incubator is an organization that supports new ventures to grow and survive during the early stages. Mainly dedicated to information technology, life science may appear to be the next hot spot for incubators. Are there stabilized good practices？ Are the business models in information technology and in life science comparable when it goes to start-ups＇ incubation？ Leveraging our experience as practitioner in this field and using an inductive methodology, this paper tends to propose simple principles to help build robust incubators in life science, and to contribute to disseminate an entrepreneurial approach through an industry still dominated by blue chips.     

股票投资的流通性陷阱：原因、危害及其防范

股票具有良好的流通性,但容易诱使投资者频繁交易,陷入流通性陷阱。误解股票投资的本质是陷入流通性陷阱的认识原因;跟风与盲从、攀比与嫉妒、缺乏耐心与急功近利等人性弱点是人性方面的原因;而股市不健全、投资者利益保护不足是环境方面的原因。频繁交易会造成决策质量下降,带来高额的交易成本,影响身心健康。要防范流通性陷阱,投资者必须树立正确的投资理念,同时加强心性修养,克服人性的弱点;证监会要营造良好的投资环境,加强投资者利益保护。     

股权激励中关键设计要素整合性实证分析

股权激励是现代股份制企业中所有权与经营权分离的条件下,为化解所有者与经营者之间目标不一致而产生的委托代理矛盾的一种长期激励制度.但是,股权激励方案设计时应该考虑哪些关键要素,这在理论界和实践界都存在争议.选取中国上市公司中实施股权激励的公司作为实证研究对象,运用SPSS16.0统计软件对股权激励中的六大设计要素进行了整合性实证分析.研究发现：股权激励方案中股权激励的初始价差、股权激励的激励标的物、股权激励的行权条件等3个要素与公司的绩效有显著的相关关系,是股权激励方案设计中的关键要素,其中初始价差是最有效的要素,而股权激励的有效期、股权激励的比例、是否预留股份等3个要素对公司的绩效影响不明显.     

论所有者权益结构及其优化

本文在分析所有者权益结构对企业经营和财务影响的基础上,初步提出优化所有者权益结构的量化指标,并对优化环境提出初步评价．     

The relationship between perceived e-service quality and brand equity: A simultaneous equations system approach

Using the data collected from the online banking users in Taiwan, we build a hierarchical model of e-banking service quality and investigate the relationships among e-service quality, trust, satisfaction, loyalty, and brand equity. Moreover, the simultaneous equations system approach is also applied to transfer the traditional satisfaction-loyalty path into the simultaneous relationships between trust and loyalty, and between satisfaction and loyalty. As the structural form coefficients demonstrate the direct relations between our research constructs, the reduced form estimates further disclose the total impacts of the quality of e-banking service on trust, satisfaction, loyalty, and brand equity, respectively. The results indicate that the perceived quality formed through interaction with an online banking service positively affects customer trust and satisfaction, which in turn influence loyalty and brand equity. The significant simultaneous relationships between trust and loyalty, and between satisfaction and loyalty, are confirmed by our data, implying that these relationships must be determined simultaneously, rather than sequentially.     

基于动态规划的网络带宽分配机制

传统分组网络承载时分复用业务存在延时、抖动、报文到达次序不一致等问题。利用城域以太网面向连接的特性,提出了一种由用户为具体业务提出带宽申请,运营商根据共享带宽的大小和用户的优先级,利用动态规划的方法在以太网隧道中预留带宽的机制。提高了带宽利用率的同时,兼顾用户之间的公平性。实验结果表明,这种机制可以充分利用带宽资源,并且将带宽公平地分配给各用户。     

Evaluating increasing block tariff pricing policies when applied to multiple household connections

This paper develops a model for evaluating the consequences of increasing block tariff pricing policies when multiple households share a connection and applies it to a sample from Kumasi, Ghana. Results show that for any given consumption, a household's average share of total monthly water bill for shared connections can either be higher or lower than its single-household equivalent. Significant differences between the average and single-household equivalent bills were found in these cases, although this difference is under-estimated if the sample is not disaggregated by payment group.