主动预燃室式直喷汽油机稀薄燃烧性能研究

为明晰不同点火方式对汽油机稀薄燃烧特性的影响规律,在一款排量为0.5L的研究型单缸机上试验研究了传统火花塞和主动预燃室两种不同点火方式下发动机燃烧及排放特性,探索主动预燃室拓展稀薄燃烧极限的多种影响因素。研究结果表明,稀薄燃烧可有效降低油耗,提高发动机热效率。传统点火线圈的稀燃极限处于过量空气系数1.5附近,最高指示热效率为45.0%,而采用主动预燃室系统后,稀燃极限可进一步拓展,过量空气系数可达2.0,指示热效率提升至46.5%,氮氧化物排放比采用传统火花塞点火技术时降低约88%;主动预燃室匹配高压缩比14.80的燃烧系统,可进一步拓展稀燃极限至过量空气系数2.1,指示热效率可达48.0%,氮氧化物排放继续降低,在过量空气系数采用2.1时NOx排放最低可达58×10-6。     

不同预燃室结构对甲烷湍流射流点火燃烧的影响

基于光学定容燃烧弹试验平台,通过高速纹影摄像系统在相同甲烷燃料初始温度、压力及混合气浓度下,定量分析了不同结构预燃室湍流射流点火(turbulent jet ignition,TJI)的燃烧特性,包括火焰传播速度、火焰面积、火焰形态及燃烧压力等参数。研究结果表明,预燃室孔径越小,相同时间内火焰传播得越远,火焰传播速度和火焰面积增长速度越快,燃烧压力峰值越高。随着预燃室孔径减小,着火机理会由射流中带有火焰的火焰点火转变为火焰过孔时熄灭的喷射点火。喷射点火着火时刻延迟,初始火焰速度减慢,但燃烧压力峰值受影响不大。多级加速预燃室压力升高率与压力峰值与单孔预燃室相比变化不大。虽然火焰出口时速度较慢,但是火焰出口时刻提前且速度衰减较弱,因此多级加速预燃室火焰速度在短时间内超过单孔预燃室,并且压力和火焰面积也更早达到最大值。     

LPG预燃式发动机燃烧系统的开发研究

针对液化石油气(LPG)的气质特点将小型2100柴油机改进设计为独具特色的预燃式LPC发动机。其结构简单，改装方便。试验结果表明：改装后，该燃烧系统可大大加快燃烧速度，提高燃烧效率，并且具有较好的动力性和排放特性，有实用推广价值。     

气体燃料船用主机预燃室组件瞬态温度场分析

为了分析气体燃料船用主机预燃室组件的热负荷状态,采用流固耦合方法对预燃室组件进行瞬态温度场分析。应用三维CFD软件对某型号中速四冲程气体燃料船用主机的缸内工作过程进行数值模拟,得到预燃室主要表面的瞬态热边界条件,将热边界条件映射到有限元面单元,进而通过有限元计算分析出在稳定工况下主机预燃室组件瞬态温度场的变化历程。计算结果表明:预燃室组件的最高温度出现在喷孔表面附近,且预燃室各部位温度波动不同,尤以喷孔表面处温度波动范围最大。这些都是引起预燃室组件热损伤不可忽略的因素,在对预燃室组件进行结构优化时,应着重考虑喷孔部位。     

船用低速双燃料发动机预燃室引燃火焰的模拟研究北大核心CSCD

以RT-flex50DF船用低速二冲程双燃料发动机为研究对象,通过对模型的仿真计算分析了引燃火焰的流速及火焰面积在燃烧过程中的影响,总结了该低压喷射双燃料发动机引燃火焰的特点及燃烧过程。通过对比预燃室通道直径的方案发现,增大通道直径可以增加缸内的着火面积,加速燃料燃烧;减小通道直径可以达到增强缸内涡流的效果,提高火焰传播速度,但通道直径过大或过小都会对缸内燃烧产生不利影响。预燃室出口结构的方案通过保持出口截面积不变而增大火焰射流的表面积来加快缸内燃烧,避免孔径对缸内的湍流等参数产生影响,结果表明在该方案中合适的小孔尺寸可以提高缸内放热率的峰值,并缩短燃烧持续时间。     

基于射流点火和气道喷水技术的缸内直喷汽油机稀薄燃烧特性研究

在一台4缸涡轮增压汽油机的基础上,增加预燃室和进气道喷水系统,在最佳油耗工况附近（转速2 500 r/min,平均有效压力为0.8~1.2 MPa）开展了试验,研究和分析了汽油机稀薄燃烧特性,以及射流点火和进气道喷水技术对稀薄燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,稀薄燃烧可以将有效热效率从当量燃烧的39.5%提高到42.4%左右,但是当过量空气系数超过1.4以后,燃烧稳定性和碳氢排放变差。采用射流点火技术可以将稳定燃烧的过量空气系数拓展到1.7以上,热效率增加至43.0%以上,燃烧持续期最大缩短37.6%,循环波动不超过1.3%。在此基础上增加进气道喷水,对于平均有效压力在1.1 MPa以上的负荷,抑制爆震效果明显,喷水脉宽达到4 ms时,爆震限制的燃烧重心可以提前到活塞上止点后8°左右,同时最大热效率超过44%,循环波动不超过3%;但是对于平均有效压力低于1.1 MPa的负荷,爆震现象不严重,喷水反而会降低燃烧速率和热效率,同时燃烧稳定性和未燃碳氢排放也随之恶化。     

预燃室火焰射流对双燃料着火燃烧过程的模拟研究

基于计算流体力学(CFD)程序耦合动力学机理,研究了一台大型低速二冲程船用柴油机改装的柴油-天然气双燃料发动机预燃室系统的布置方案对射流火焰发展过程的影响,以及由此对缸内流动、燃烧和有害污染物氮氧化物(NO_x)生成历程的影响。结果表明:预燃室方案造成射流火焰对撞会对碰撞区域及周围流场产生较大扰动,同时在碰撞区域形成富燃区,抑制该区域内NO_x的生成;射流火焰不碰撞则会增大其贯穿距离,实现更大空间范围的多点着火,放热更集中,同时会因较高的温度使NO_x排放上升;此外射流火焰与缸盖、活塞和缸套等壁面接触会显著降低其流动速度和燃烧温度,造成燃烧效率下降,缸内湍动能减小,在实际应用中应尽可能避免。     

Diesel-like and HCCI-like operation of a truck engine converted to hydrogen

In addition to the traditional spark ignition (SI), premixed, gasoline-like and compression ignition (CI), diffusion, Diesel-like operation of internal combustion engines, premixed, homogeneous charge, compression ignition (HCCI) operation has also been proposed to improve the fuel conversion efficiency and reduce the pollutant formation. To be attractive, the operation in HCCI mode has to be coupled with the other traditional operations, being HCCI in general difficult to be controlled and limited to values of the air-to-fuel equivalence ratio λ within a narrow windows set by the lean burn limits with large λ and the peak pressure limits with small λ. Furthermore, the specific kinetics of hydrogen makes this fuel more difficult than other hydrocarbons to work in an engine operating HCCI without assistance. In a recent paper, the design of a 12.8 L in-line six cylinder turbo charged directly injected heavy duty truck Diesel engine fuelled with hydrogen has been discussed. Conversion of a latest Diesel engine with a novel power turbine has been studied replacing the in-cylinder Diesel injector and glow plug with a hydrogen injector and a jet ignition pre-chamber. The pre-chamber is a small volume accommodating another hydrogen injector and a glow plug being connected to the in-cylinder through calibrated orifices. This design permits to operate the engine in four different modes:

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diffusion with jet ignition M₁ - an injection occurs in the jet ignition pre-chamber before the main chamber fuel is injected and the engine operates therefore Diesel-like;

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mixed diffusion/premixed Diesel/gasoline like M₂ - an injection occurs in the jet ignition pre-chamber after only part of the main chamber fuel is injected and mixed with air;

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premixed with jet ignition M₃ - an injection occurs in the jet ignition pre-chamber after the main chamber fuel is injected and mixed with air and the engine operates gasoline-like;

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premixed without jet ignition M₄ - no injection occurs in the jet ignition pre-chamber and the engine operates HCCI-like.

While only the Diesel-like operation was previously considered full load, all the modes including the operation HCCI-like are considered here over the full range of loads where the power turbine is either connected to the crankshaft or disconnected and the exhaust gases pass through this turbine or bypass the turbine.This paper deals with computational rather than experimental work. Computations are made with the latest predictive HCCI model using detailed kinetics of GT-POWER and the well established correlative Wiebe models for Diesel and gasoline combustion. HCCI-like operation is considered over a range of air-to-fuel equivalence ratio λ much wider than usually considered with other fuels being perhaps even more suitable than hydrogen to this operation thanks to the jet ignition assistance.     

点燃型预燃室在大缸径甲醇发动机上应用

通过计算流体动力学数值模拟,探索点燃型预燃室在大缸径（320mm）甲醇发动机上的应用效果,计算了过量空气系数和点火正时对燃烧和性能的影响。结果表明,点燃型预燃室发动机的燃烧放热过程先缓后急,热效率较高,NOx排放很低,SOx排放为零,不经后处理即可满足国际海事组织Tier Ⅲ排放法规。随着缸内过量空气系数的增加,缸内压力、压力升高率、声响强度和NOx排放均显著降低,指示热效率先升后降,在过量空气系数为2.4时达到最高值49.2%;随着点火正时的延迟,缸内压力、压力升高率、声响强度、指示热效率逐渐下降,NOx排放先减后增。基于计算结果,提出了一种燃烧控制策略：在平均有效压力低于1.8MPa时控制缸内过量空气系数为2.4并匹配较早的点火正时,在平均有效压力高于1.8MPa时控制过量空气系数为2.1并匹配较晚的点火正时。采用该策略可使部分负荷热效率最佳,且整机具有较高的动力性。