Fatty acid variation among U.S. Runner-type peanut cultivars

Fatty acid composition was determined among seven U.S. runner-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars: Florunner, Sunrunner, GK-7, Southern Runner, Sunbelt Runner, Okrun, and Langley. Significant year and cultivar differences were found within these fatty acid profiles. Southern Runner had the best oleic to linoleic ratio and iodine values; whereas Florunner, Sunrunner, and Langley were the highest in unsaturated and lowest in saturated and long-chain fatty acids. For the future, breeding programs need to continue developing peanut cultivars with improved oil quality.     

Nitrogen fixation of and N transfer from cowpea, mungbean and groundnut when intercropped with maize

Grain legumes are used widely in intercropping systems. However, quantitative and comparative data available as to their N₂ fixation and N beneficial effect on the companion crop in intercropping systems are scarce. Hence, studies were conducted to ascertain the above when cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were intercropped with maize. The study was¹⁵N-aided and made outdoors in basins (30 L) filled with 38 kg of soil.¹⁵N labelling was effected by incorporating¹⁵N-tagged plant material or applying¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer along with sucrose to stabilize¹⁵N enrichment in the soil during the experimental period. Intercropped groundnut fixed the highest amount of nitrogen from the atmosphere (i.e. 552 mg plant^–1), deriving 85% of its N from the atmosphere. Intercropped cowpea and mungbean fixed 161 and 197 mg N plant^–1, obtaining 81% and 78% of their N content from the atmosphere, respectively. The proportion of N derived by maize from the associated legume varied from 7-11% for mungbean, 11–20% for cowpea and 12–26% for groundnut which amounted to about 19–22, 29–45 and 33–60 mg N maize plant^–1, respectively. The high nitrogen fixation potential of groundnut in dual stands and its relatively low harvest index for N have apparently contributed to greater N-benefical effect on the associated crop.     

流式细胞仪检测铝胁迫诱导的花生悬浮细胞程序性死亡

以耐铝品种99-1507和铝敏感品种中花2号为材料,应用荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪研究铝对悬浮细胞活性及其线粒体生理的影响,并检测悬浮细胞程序性死亡率。结果表明：铝处理12h后,随着铝浓度增加,悬浮细胞FDA（Fluorescein diacetate）荧光信号逐渐减弱,PI（Propidium Iodide）荧光信号增强,细胞活性下降;线粒体超氧阴离子含量和H202含量随着铝浓度的增加逐渐上升;线粒体膜电位（△ψm）随着铝浓度增加逐渐下降,中花2号下降幅度大于99-1507。501μmol／L及其以上浓度的铝可以显著诱导花生悬浮细胞程序性死亡,铝浓度越高死亡细胞数量越多,同等浓度铝处理下中花2号细胞死亡率高于99-1507,差异达到显著水平。应用流式细胞仪能够准确地检测悬浮细胞程序性死亡的发生情况,细胞程序性死亡率与花生品种的耐铝性呈负相关关系。     

Analysis of Peanut Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry: Correlation of Chemical Components and Volatile Compounds

Peanut contains protein, oil, oleic acid, and linoleic acid its flavor is largely determined by pyrazine and aldehyde compounds. Both nutritional value and flavor are standards for measuring peanut quality. In this report, the contents of protein, oil, oleic acid, and linoleic acid were determined using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, and flavor compounds were identified using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in 12 different peanut cultivars. Our results showed that the content of oleic acid in raw peanut ranged from 35.69 to 82.79 g/100 g oil and the linoleic acid content ranged from 2.92 to 44.19 g/100 g oil, with high coefficients of variation. The coefficients of variation of protein and oil were lower, with content of 26.97–33.07 g/100 g raw materials and 45.53–55.53 g/100 g raw materials, respectively. Overall, 14 volatile components were isolated and identified, among which pyrazine and aldehyde compounds were the major aroma components in 12 different peanut cultivars.. Based on these results, peanuts with high protein content have high linoleic oil levels but low oleic oil levels, and roasted peanuts have a high content of pyrazines but low content of aldehydes. The results of this study will enable manufacturers to develop simple tests that predict the flavor of roasted peanuts based on their composition.     

花生miRNA与其靶基因的生物信息学预测

本研究利用生物信息学方法预测花生中的miRNA及其靶基因。将miRBase注册的已知植物miRNA与花生EST和GSS数据库进行比对搜索,筛选得到13条miRNA,进一步预测得到20个靶基因。分析结果显示大多数靶基因属于转录因子,调控植物的生长发育等多种生物过程。     

Effect of Phenolic Acids in Soil under and Between Rows of a Prior Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Crop on Germination, Emergence, and Seedling Growth of Peanut (Arachis hypogea)

Sorghum bicolor is an allelopathic crop that reduces the yield of succeeding crops. We have assessed its effect on the germination, emergence, and seedling growth of Arachis hypogea sown in soil that had had a prior sorghum cropping. A. hypogea was sown on rows and interrows of a previous sorghum crop in 1997 and 1998 in Senegal. Seedling establishment (germination rate and seedling weight) was better between rows than on rows of the previous crop. The highest concentrations of phenolic compounds occurred in the rows in 1998, while contents of row and interrow soils were similar in 1997. Vanillic acid was the main component of the six chemicals found in 1997 soils, whereas the 1998 soil samples contained mainly p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillic, and p-coumaric acids (10 phenolics identified). The germination of peanut seeds in water (control), soil water extracts, and mixtures of pure phenolics (equivalent to those in 1997 and 1998 soil samples) was tested. All extracts inhibited germination compared to controls, but there was no significant difference among treatments, i.e., the inhibition was the same for seeds in soil solutions and those in the respective phenolic mixtures. Similarly, there were no significant differences among the germination rates in soil water extracts of rows and interrows or in the pure phenolic mixtures of rows and interrows. We propose a geometrical sowing pattern for peanuts between the rows of the previous sorghum crop to escape the latter's "allelopathic heritage."     

Note on utilisation of peanut seed testa

Peanut testae (skins, seed coats) are an extremely low value by‐product of peanut‐blanching operations. Their commercial value is $12–20 per ton and their limited use is only as a minor component of cattle feed. Based on world in‐shell peanut production of 29.1 million tons in 1999/2000 and an average skin content of 2.6%, world production of peanut skins can be estimated at over 750 000 tons annually. Research performed to find new uses for peanut skins demonstrated that up to 35% of the oil in the skins can be recovered. In some cases the oil can be a new potential source of behenic and lignoceric acids, which are used in body‐building formulations and as ingredients in shampoos. After removal of the oil the skins were useful for making brandy, liqueur and tea. Peanut skin oil extraction followed by tannin extraction also produces a protein‐enriched product that could find application in mixed feeds for cattle consumption at higher concentrations relative to existing practice. A simple technique was also offered to use the skins in finishing decorative panels. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

花生矮化病毒病抗性SSR标记

利用抗、感矮化病毒病的花生品种ICGV86699和远杂9102为亲本配制杂交组合,构建重组近交系群体（RIL）,采用SSR技术和BSA分析方法,结合F6各个家系接种病毒后ELISA的鉴定结果,得到1个与花生矮化病毒病抗性连锁的分子标记XY38。此标记与抗性基因间的遗传距离为7.5cM,具有作为抗性育种辅助选择技术的潜力。     

Peanut FAD2 Genotype and Growing Location Interactions Significantly Affect the Level of Oleic Acid in Seeds

The level of oleic acid is an important parameter in determining seed nutritional quality and oil stability. The level of oleic acid in peanut is genetically controlled by a pair of fatty acid desaturase genes (FAD2A and FAD2B), but the environmental conditions of the production sites can also have a significant effect. To investigate the effect of gene and environment interaction, 45 accessions were grown at three locations for 2 years. Environmental data were collected; individual plants were genotyped with functional SNP markers from FAD2A and FAD2B; and seed level of oleic acid was determined by gas chromatography. Three FAD2A/FAD2B genotypes (448G/no insertion 442A, 448A/no insertion 442A, and 448A/insertion 442A) were identified and designated as G/W, A/W, and A/A, respectively. A/A genotype averaged the highest level of oleic acid (80.0%), followed by A/W (56.0%), and then G/W (40.7%). Analysis of gene and environment interaction revealed that oleic acid phenotype plasticity could be explained by the interaction of FAD2 genotype and photothermal time, which quantified environmental conditions. The A/W genotype was the most sensitive to photothermal time changes. The oleic acid plasticity revealed in this study would be useful for breeders, farmers, and product processors.