Uncertainties in the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels in naturally contaminated honeys and comparison of results obtained by different analytical approaches

The contamination of honey with hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) is a well-known hazard for food safety. While management strategies and controls of the honey industry aim to reduce the PA levels, uncertainties remain with regard to the safety of regionally produced and marketed honey. In addition, a previous study showed large differences of results obtained after various periods of storage and apparent differences between the analytical results of different laboratories. Therefore, this study aimed at examining these uncertainties by monitoring the impact of storage on the PA and PA N-oxide (PANO) content of two freshly harvested honeys and on possible demixing effects caused by pollen settling. Additionally, three analytical approaches – target analysis with matrix-matched calibration or standard addition and a sum parameter method – were applied for a comparative analysis of 20 honeys harvested in summer 2016. All samples originated from Schleswig-Holstein in Northern Germany where the PA plant Jacobaea vulgaris is currently observed on a massive scale. The results of the time series analyses showed that PANO levels markedly decreased within a few weeks and practically reached the LOD 16 weeks after harvest. Tertiary PAs, by contrast, remained stable and did not increase as a consequence of PANO decrease. The experiments on a putative demixing, which may result in a heterogeneous distribution of PAs/PANOs, revealed that there was no such effect during storage of up to 12 weeks. A comparison of the PA/PANO levels obtained by different analytical approaches showed that in some cases the sum parameter method yielded much higher levels than the target approaches, whereas in other cases, the target analysis with standard addition found higher levels than the other two methods. In summary, the results of this study highlight uncertainties regarding the validity and comparability of analytical results and consequently regarding health risk assessment.     

肠道杆菌的扫描电镜观察

我们用扫描电镜观察肠道杆菌种(Enterobacteriaceae)中的四种细菌,大肠埃希氏杆菌(Escherichiacoli),普通变形杆菌(Proteus vulgaris),伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhi)和福氏志贺氏菌(Shigella Flexneri)。未处理的菌落标本,菌落表面都可形成一层厚薄不同的表膜(Surface film)。四种细菌菌落的表膜,形状不一,千姿百态。适当处理后的菌落标本,则可显示菌体的本来面目。四种细菌菌体在菌落表面的分布和排列,也是各不相同,千差万别。本文根据扫描电镜的观察,对四种不同菌落进行了讨论。     

Characterization of wet microalgal cells pretreated with steam for lipid extraction

Steam pretreatment was employed to disrupt microalgal cells for lipids extraction.Effects of steam pre-treatment on microstructure of microalgal cells were investigated through scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Effect of treatment on lipid extraction was also stud-ied.Microalgal cell walls were distorted after steam pretreatment due to the hydrolysis of organic macro-molecules contained in cell wall.Maximum curvature was increased from 1.88 × 10-6 m-1 to 1.43 × 10-7 m-1 after treatment with the steam at 130 ℃.The fractal dimension of microalgal cells increased from 1.25 to 1.30 after pretreatment for 15 min,and further increased to 1.47 when the pre-treatment time was increased to 60 min.Increased steam pretreatment temperature and time enhanced the hydrolysis of organic macromolecules,and finally destroyed microalgal cell walls at pretreatment temperature of 130 ℃ and pretreatment time of 60 min.Lipid extracted from wet microalgal was signif-icantly increased (2.1-fold) after pretreatment.     

氨基糖苷类抗生素混合物对蛋白核小球藻的时间依赖性毒性

越来越多的研究表明,污染物在不同暴露时间具有不同的毒性变化规律。以4种氨基糖苷类抗生素,硫酸安普霉素(APR)、双氢链霉素(DIH)、硫酸新霉素(NEO)和硫酸链霉素(STS)为混合物组分,应用直接均分射线法和均匀射线法对4类抗生素设计出6组二元混合体系和4组三元混合体系,每个混合物体系设计5条射线共50条射线,采用时间毒性微板分析法(T-MAT)测定这些抗生素混合物射线在6个暴露时间点(即0、12、24、48、72和96 h)对蛋白核小球藻(C.pyrenoidosa)的生长抑制毒性。结果表明,抗生素二元和三元混合物系的50条射线对C.pyrenoidosa毒性均具有明显的时间依赖性,即混合物射线的毒性随着暴露时间的延长而增强;以半数效应浓度(EC50)的负对数p EC50为毒性指标,不同混合物体系的时间毒性变化规律不同,有的混合物从0 h开始,毒性随时间延长逐渐增强,有的从12 h或24h,甚至48 h后,毒性开始迅速增加;同一混合物体系中不同射线的毒性因组分浓度比的变化而变化,即混合物射线的毒性随毒性大的组分比例增加而增强。     

藻细胞内外有机物氯消毒后典型消毒副产物的生成潜能

为探究藻细胞内外有机物氯化后典型消毒副产物的生成潜能,选取小球藻为研究对象,采用加氯消毒法研究了在不同生长时期及不同氯投加量下典型含碳类消毒副产物(THMs)和含氮类卤代消毒副产物(TCNM)的生成规律,并对二者的生成势进行了对比.结果表明:细胞外有机物(EOM)和细胞内有机物(IOM)提取液的总有机碳(TOC)和有机氮(DON)较高,而芳香结构和不饱和双键的有机质质量浓度很低;从对数生长期到衰亡期,EOM经氯化后TCNM的生成量逐渐增加,IOM的TCNM生成量则呈现先增加后降低的趋势;THMs的生成规律与TCNM相似,但其生成量明显高于TCNM.增加氯投量,EOM的TCNM生成量逐渐升高,IOM的TCNM生成量则先升高后下降;在氯投量为30 mg/L时,IOM的TCNM生成量最高;稳定生长期小球藻细胞的EOM和IOM在氯投量由20 mg/L升高到30 mg/L时,THMs的生成量稳定增加,当氯投量超过30 mg/L时,THMs的生成势显著升高,且三氯甲烷为THMs的主导物种.     

生物质能源与能源林业若干问题研究

概述了生物质能对未来能源发展的重要作用,对我国能源林业和灌木能源林的情况作了简要介绍,并重点提出了小球藻油的利用对生物质能开发的影响.     

芳烃化合物对普通小球藻毒性的QSAR研究

用DFT-B3LYP方法,在较高基组6-311G**水平下,全优化计算了23种苯胺、苯酚和苯甲醛衍生物。从中获得前线分子轨道能级(EHOMO,ELUMO),最正氢原子电荷Q ,最负非氢原子电荷Q-,及分子偶极矩和体积(μ,V)等描述符。结合文献中标题化合物对普通小球藻的毒性值(-logEC50)和疏水性参数(logKow),由线性回归方法成功建立QSAR模型。将-logEC50与logKow直接相关,发现标题物对普通小球藻的毒性均高于基本毒性,而多元线性回归所得二变量模型(-logEC50=-1.945 0.612logKow-7.690ELUMO,n=23,R2=0.834,F=50.322,SE=0.274,P=0.000,VIF=1.093)能更好地描述标题物对普通小球藻的毒性,由此推断,标题物取非共价作用毒性机理,其对普通小球藻的毒性作用分为两步,首先穿过细胞壁在细胞内富集,以logKow描述;其次与亲核试剂发生亲电反应,以ELUMO表示。     

Green microalga Chlorella vulgaris as a potential feedstock for biodiesel

BACKGROUND: A major bottleneck in microalgal biodiesel production is lipid content, which is often low in microalgal species. The present study examines Chlorella vulgaris as a potential feedstock for biodiesel by identifying and evaluating the relationships between the critical variables that enhance the lipid yield, and characterizes the biodiesel produced for various properties. RESULTS: Factors affecting lipid accumulation in a green microalga, Chlorella vulgaris were examined. Multifactor optimization raised the lipid pool to 55% dry cell weight against 9% control. When C. vulgaris cells pre‐grown in glucose (0.7%)‐supplemented medium were transferred to the optimized condition at the second stage, the lipid yield was boosted to 1974 mg L^?1, a value almost 20‐fold higher than for the control. The transesterified C. vulgaris oil showed the presence of ～82% saturated fatty acids, with palmitate and stearate as major components, thus highlighting the oxidative stability of C. vulgaris biodiesel. The fuel properties (density, viscosity, acid value, iodine value, calorific value, cetane index, ash and water contents) are comparable with the international (ASTM and EN) and Indian (IS) biodiesel standards. CONCLUSION: C. vulgaris biomass with 55% lipid content and adequate fuel properties is potentially a renewable feedstock for biodiesel. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of extraction methods on kinetic,chemical composition and antibacterial activities of Tunisian Thymus vulgaris. L. essential oil

The present study aims to compare two innovative extraction techniques: microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) through traditional extraction techniques: hydrodistillation (HD) and steam distillation (SD) for their efficiency in the extraction of the volatile compounds from Tunisian Thymus vulgaris leaves; the kinetic, yield, composition and antibacterial activities of the essential oil were assessed in vitro. Results show that the essential oils extracted by microwaves were quantitatively (yield) similar to those obtained through the conventional methods, but qualitatively, essential oils analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) presented 17, 11, 11 and 8 compounds obtained through SFME, MAHD, SD and HD, respectively, mostly consisting of carvacrol (89.24–41.17%), followed by γ-terpinene (11.37–1.37%) and para-cymene (27.95–2.05%). The essential oils were screened for antibacterial activity against 5 microorganisms. All essential oils obtained by studied extraction methods showed the same resistance against Gram (?) and Gram (+) bacteria. The SFME method gave the best results: rapid kinetic of extraction (30 min vs. 35 min for MAHD, 120 min for SD, and 180 min for HD), less energy saving and cleanest process.