无溶剂体系中酶催化合成共轭亚油酸甘油酯

采用直接酯化法,以共轭亚油酸(简称CLA)和甘油为原料,用脂肪酶Novozym 435催化合成共轭亚油酸甘油酯。结果表明:n(甘油)/n(CLA)=5,酶添加量为体系总质量的4%,65℃反应6 h后,共轭亚油酸的转化率为98.18%。所得共轭亚油酸甘油酯为淡黄色油状透明液体,酸价低于3,Novozym 435的操作半衰期为30 h。     

Lipase-catalyzed esterification of lactic acid with straight-chain alcohols

Enzymatic synthesis of esters of lactic acid and straight-chain alcohols with different chain lengths (C₆–C₁₈) were investigated in batch reactions with hexadecanol (C₁₆) as the model alcohol. Cyclohexane was the best solvent for higher ester yields, and the best biocatalyst was the immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435) as well as the textile-immobilized Candida sp. lipase. A method was established to obtain ester yields in the range of 71 to 82% for the different alcohols, and the most favorable conditions for the esterification reaction using Novozym 435 were an equimolar ratio of lactic acid to alcohol, each at a concentration of 120 mM each; a 50°C reaction temperature; 190 rpm shaking speed; and the addition of 100 mg molecular sieves (4 Å) for drying. The ester yield increased with increasing lipase load, and a yield of 79.2% could be obtained after 24 h of reaction at 20 wt% of Novozym 435. The immobilized Candida sp. lipase prepared in the laboratory also could be used to produce esters of lactic acid and straight-chain alcohols, but it had a much lower activity than Novozym 435 with a temperature optimum of 40°C.     

Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Fatty Acid Pyridylcarbinol Ester for the Analysis of Seed Lipids

Numerous derivatives of fatty acids (FA), including esters of methanol/3‐hydroxymethylpyridine or dimethyloxazoline, are used for the analysis of FAs in biological specimens. Picolinyl derivatives are frequently prepared for structural determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) since they provide characteristic fragments. The ester can be prepared by chemical methods‐multistep methodologies or basic transesterification. Microbial lipases catalyze a number of transesterification reactions, and their catalytic activities are often stable at extreme conditions. Although these characteristic features may be useful in the application of typical FA structure analysis by picolinyl ester, detailed studies have not been reported. To address the problems, a simple and quantitative methodology for the synthesis of picolinyl esters from lipids has been developed. It involves the transesterification with Novozym 435 (Novozymes Biopharma US Inc., Franklinton, USA), resin‐immobilized lipase from Candida antartica in toluene. Mild reaction conditions allow for complete derivatization of perilla seed oil in 30 min at 50 °C. The procedure was further studied with various TAGs and fatty wax from 17 plants. The optimized procedure was as follows; 1 mg lipid and 20 mg catalyst in 2 mL toluene at 50 °C for 1 h. Quantitative analysis of marker FAs was performed with the proposed method. The results coincided well with those from potassium t‐butoxide‐catalyzed reaction. The optimized method, however, was not applicable for the determination of some epoxy FAs, fatty wax, and parinaric acid.     

Efficient enzymatic kinetic resolution of 2-heptylamine with a highly active acyl donor

Novozyme435 facilitated kinetic resolution of 2-heptylamine was here presented. Methyl methoxyacetate was used as acyl donor. A survey of influencing factors including hydrogen bonding effect, solvent effect, steric effect, temperature and the amount of acyl donor were investigated in detail. At the optimum conditions, the enantiomeric separation was successfully obtained within 8 h at 20 °C, and gave high conversion and optical purity of (R)-2-heptylamine, 48.9% and over 99% respectively. The immobilized lipase B was found to be suitable for the enantiomeric separation of aliphatic amines with good recyclability.     

Super?difikat; Erl?schen

Erwirbt der Eigentümer eines in massiver Bauweise ausgeführten Super?difikats die Liegenschaft auf der dieses erricht ist, verliert das Bauwerk seine Super?difikatseigenschaft und wird unselbst?ndiger Bestandteil des Grundstücks. Das gesetzliche Erfordernis fehlender Belassungsabsicht spricht gegen eine m?gliche Dauerspaltung von Grund- und Bauwerkseigentum. Dafür spricht bei in Massivbauweise ausgeführten Geb?uden auch die Verkehrserwartung.     

Lipase‐catalyzed production of medium‐chain triacylglycerols from palm kernel oil distillate: Optimization using response surface methodology

Optimization of lipase‐catalyzed esterification for the production of medium‐chain triacylglycerols (MCT) from palm kernel oil distillate and glycerol was carried out in order to determine the factors that have significant effects on the reaction system and MCT yield. Novozyme 435 from Candida antarctica lipase was found to have the highest activity at 52.87 ± 0.03 U/g. This lipase also produced the highest MCT yield, which is 56.67%. The effect of different variables on MCT synthesis was studied with a two‐level five‐factor fractional factorial design. The various variables include (1) reaction temperature, (2) enzyme load, (3) molecular sieves concentration, (4) reaction time and (5) molar substrate ratio. Reaction temperature, reaction time and molar substrate ratio strongly affect MCT synthesis (p <0.05). However, enzyme load and molecular sieve concentration did not have a significant (p >0.05) influence on MCT yield. Therefore, the significant variables such as reaction temperature, reaction time and molar substrate ratio were further optimized through central composite rotatable design (CCRD). Comparisons between predicted and experimental values from the CCRD optimization procedures revealed good correlation, implying that the quadric response model satisfactorily expressed the percentage yield of MCT in the lipase‐catalyzed esterification. The optimum MCT yield is 73.3% by using 2 wt‐% enzyme dosage, a molecular sieves concentration of 1 wt‐%, a reaction temperature of 90 °C, a reaction time of 10 h and a molar substrate ratio of 4 : 1 (medium‐chain fatty acid/glycerol). Experiments to confirm the predicted results using the optimal parameters were conducted and an MCT yield of 70.21 ± 0.18% (n = 3) was obtained.     

脂肪酶催化液-固反应合成聚丁二酸丁二酯

以固定化酶Novozyme435为催化剂,在液-固混合体系中经酶催化1,4-丁二醇与丁二酸缩聚合成聚丁二酸丁二酯(PBS),考察反应条件对聚合效果的影响。采用GPC法对产物重均分子量Mw和分子量分布MwMn进行了测定;采用核磁共振法对产物结构进行了鉴定。最佳反应条件为:丁二酸与1,4-丁二醇的物质的量的比为17:23,Novozyme435用量为底物总质量的7%,聚合温度为65℃。以底物总质量200%的二苯醚为反应介质,真空条件下聚合48h,PBS的最大Mw可达到50800(MwMn=1.36)。实验表明,丁二酸在反应介质中的溶解程度和副产物水的去除是限制PBS聚合效果的最主要因素。     

SIMOTION D435在HFW焊管生产线飞锯中的应用

介绍了HFW焊管生产线上飞锯设备的工作原理和控制系统,重点介绍了SIMOTION D435运动控制器在飞锯控制中的应用。SIMOTION D435取消了响应时间的独立接口,具有高度动态响应和稳定性,通过PROFIBUS-DP总线与PLC协作,使逻辑控制和运动控制相结合,提高了生产节奏。经测试,该系统既能满足飞锯生产的高节奏要求,又能及时反映设备故障,确保了生产线的稳定运行。     

Optimisation study of large‐scale enzymatic synthesis of oleyl oleate,a liquid wax ester,by response surface methodology

An optimisation study of the large‐scale enzymatic synthesis of a liquid wax ester from oleic acid and oleyl alcohol using Novozym 435 was carried out. Investigations were performed in batch mode with a stirred tank reactor (STR) with one multi‐bladed impeller. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a five‐level, three‐variable central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to evaluate the interactive effects of various parameters. The parameters are amount of enzyme (A) (90–120 g), impeller speed (B) (100–400 rpm) and temperature (C) (40–60 °C). The optimum conditions derived via RSM at a fixed reaction time of 1 h were successfully optimised as A = 104 g, B = 388.0 rpm and C = 49.7 °C. The actual experimental yield was 96.7% under the optimum conditions, which compared well with the maximum predicted value of 97.6%. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

低功耗超声流量计的研究

针对超声波流量测量中管道结构对测量精度的影响,采用Fluent仿真软件模拟了不同管道中流体的流动状况,对管道内的超声波信号进行了分析和比较,设计了超声波流量传感器,并应用设计的流量传感器,研制了超声波流量积算仪的硬件电路和软件,最终的样机实验结表明,该超声流量计流量误差小于±2%,系统的平均工作电流为35μA。