Effect of steam cooking on distribution of paralytic shellfish toxins in different tissue compartments of scallops Patinopecten yessoensis

This study investigated the effect of steam cooking on distribution of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSP-toxins) in scallops Patinopecten yessoensis. Toxins analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography showed that most of the PSP-toxins (>70%) were accumulated in viscera and adductor muscle of the raw scallops. Steam cooking induced significant loss (p < 0.05) of PSP-toxins from viscera (16%), adductor muscle (24%), gill and mantle (11%) while 32% of the toxins were retained inside viscera and adductor muscle. Overall, 51% of PSP-toxins leaked out from scallop tissues during steam cooking. However, there was no significant loss (p > 0.05) of PSP-toxins from gonad. Consumption of viscera was the most significant risk factor for causing PSP, while gonad and scallop soup were the second most significant. A rapid PSP test further verified detectable levels of PSP-toxins in all samples. However, possible interfering substance(s) in adductor muscles and gonads might potentially affect the results from this test.     

Isolation and identification of the main carotenoid pigment from the rare orange muscle of the Yesso scallop

The Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) is one of the most important aquacultural scallops in the north of China. We identified a rare colour variant that occurs in about 0.2% of the natural population. Orange variants have not been reported before in shellfish, including scallops. Identification of the molecular basis of this colour variation will provide guidance when developing a breeding plan for these scallops. The main pigment was isolated from the muscle tissues of the variant Yesso scallop by silica gel column chromatography, and was characterised by mass spectrometry and ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance methods. Its structure was identified as that of pectenolone (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-caroten-4–one). This is the first report of pectenolone, a type of carotenoid, in the muscle of the Yesso scallop.     

抗冻蛋白对冷冻虾夷扇贝闭壳肌持水性及质构特性的影响

为探究抗冻蛋白对冷冻虾夷扇贝闭壳肌持水性及质构特性的影响，以虾夷扇贝闭壳肌为原料，分别采用0.2 g/100 mL抗冻蛋白、3.0 g/100 mL焦磷酸钠和3.0 g/100 mL海藻糖溶液3 种抗冻剂进行真空浸渍，检测样品得率、离心损失、质构、色泽、水分分布及迁移状态、冰晶形态以及组织微观结构等指标。结果显示，抗冻蛋白组闭壳肌硬度、黏聚性及质子密度图像亮度与新鲜闭壳肌几乎一致，且显著高于焦磷酸钠和海藻糖组。而相比于其他浸渍组，抗冻蛋白组得率、弹性及剪切力显著增加，T21显著缩短（P＜0.05）。由光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察可知，抗冻蛋白组的冰晶细小且呈球状，肌纤维结构较清晰完整，冰晶平均横截面积较空白组减少了65.06%。该研究证实，抗冻蛋白具有吸附于冰晶表面且抑制冰晶生长、修饰冰晶形态的作用，通过真空浸渍处理后，其对冷冻虾夷扇贝闭壳肌持水性及质构特性的调控作用优于焦磷酸钠、海藻糖，是一种有效的冻品品质调控手段。     

超高压辅助脱壳对虾夷扇贝肌原纤维蛋白生化特性及结构的影响

本实验采用150～350 MPa保压3 min处理虾夷扇贝,以手工脱壳和蒸煮脱壳为对照,首先通过测定脱壳时间以及得肉率考察压力对脱壳效果的影响,再通过测定肌原纤维蛋白的质量浓度、总巯基含量、羰基含量、表面疏水性、Ca2＋-ATPase活力及分析其二级结构单元的变化规律,研究超高压处理对虾夷扇贝贝肉肌原纤维蛋白生化特性及结构的影响。结果表明：在250 MPa条件下保压3 min能提高扇贝的脱壳效果;超高压处理导致虾夷扇贝肌原纤维蛋白发生一定程度的变化,总体表现为表面疏水性和羰基含量增加,总巯基含量、Ca2＋-ATPase活力降低;肌原纤维蛋白α-螺旋和β-转角相对含量降低,β-折叠和无规卷曲相对含量升高;超高压对扇贝贝肉肌原纤维蛋白的影响相对较小,有利于维持其蛋白生化特性,保持扇贝贝肉食用品质和加工性能。研究结果可为贝类在超高压处理过程中肌原纤维蛋白品质的控制提供一定的参考。     

栉孔扇贝×虾夷扇贝子一代杂种优势的RAPD分析

应用RAPD技术对栉孔扇贝×虾夷扇贝子一代的杂种优势进行了研究,对栉孔扇贝(C)、虾夷扇贝(P)及其正交F1(C♀×P♂)、反交F1(P♀×C♂)共4个群体的RAPD扩增带谱进行了分析。从40个随机引物中筛选出16个扩增带丰富的引物进行扩增,共得到l15条清晰稳定的扩增带,扩增片段大小在200～2000bp之间,其中有82个扩增位点具有多态性,多态性位点比率为71.3%。栉孔扇贝与正反交子代的相对遗传距离分别为0.0852和0.2886;虾夷扇贝与正反交子代的相对遗传距离分别为0.2327和0.0559,杂种子代与两亲本的遗传差异不是对等的,而是偏向各自的母本,系统树、Shannon多样性指数同样证明了这一点。两亲本群体内相似性指数分别为0.8392和0.8451,均大于正交子代的群体内相似性指数,而小于反交子代的群体内相似性指数,表明正交子代群体的遗传多样性水平升高,产生杂种优势;反交降低,未产生明显的杂种优势,与4个群体Shannon遗传多样性指数计算分析结果一致。     

Antioxidant activity of hydrolysates obtained from scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) muscle

Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) muscle were hydrolysed with commercially available food-grade proteases. The resulting hydrolysates showed DPPH and hydroxyl radicals scavenging abilities, reducing power, and ferrous ion chelating capacity. The antioxidant activities of hydrolysate of abalone foot muscle (HAFM) increased with increasing incubation time during the whole hydrolysis process in 180 min. Whereas, the antioxidant activities of hydrolysate of scallop adductor muscle (HSAM) increased at initial stage and peaked after 25-30 min of hydrolysis, and then gradually decreased thereafter. Compared with HAFM, HSAM with comparable hydrolysis time contained more free amino acids (FAA) and small-sized peptides (below 500 Da), which may account for the differences in antioxidant activities versus hydrolysis time curves of the two hydrolysates. The above results indicate that limited hydrolysis of proteins can increase their antioxidant activity, whereas extensive hydrolysis can decrease it.     

虾夷扇贝裙边多肽提高鲢鱼肌原纤维蛋白结构稳定性

采用添加0、2、4 g/100 mL虾夷扇贝裙边多肽（Patinopecten yessoensis mantle polypeptide，PMP）修饰鲢鱼肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein，MP），通过测定修饰前后MP的巯基含量、羰基含量、傅里叶变换红外光谱、紫外吸收光谱及内源荧光光谱，研究PMP对鲢鱼MP结构的影响。结果表明：MP总巯基、活性巯基、羰基含量均随PMP添加量升高而降低；修饰后的MP α-螺旋相对含量无显著变化，但β-折叠相对含量随PMP添加量增加降低，β-转角相对含量随PMP添加量增加而升高，PMP的添加有利于延缓MP的展开，维持MP结构的稳定性；PMP也有效延缓了MP的羰基化。PMP可作为潜在的天然抗氧化剂、低温保护剂和凝胶质构增强剂。     

繁殖期雌雄同体虾夷扇贝生殖腺组织学观察

历时3年,采用Bouin's液固定和常规组织切片技术,对照雌性和雄性生殖腺组织结构,研究了繁殖期雌雄同体生殖腺组织的结构特点及形成原因.结果显示:虾夷扇贝雌雄同体的存在与海区养殖环境有关,山东烟台养殖海区的雌雄同体比例高达19.2％.雌雄同体两性生殖腺滤泡发育不同步且间隔不分明,2-3月份部分雌性生殖腺中出现迅速增殖的雄性生殖细胞或滤泡,成为雌性为主的雌雄同体;4月份随着雌雄生殖腺滤泡的共同生长和部分排放,形成以雄性生殖腺为主或雌雄相间的雌雄同体.雌性转化为雄性是主要性逆转方向,229只虾夷扇贝中仅1例推测为雄性向雌性逆转,有些个体存在雌雄两种生殖细胞同时成熟和排放的现象,是否存在两种性别均衡发育有待进一步研究.     

火焰原子吸收法检测虾夷扇贝不同部位中 重金属镉

目的 研究贝类不同部位重金属镉的分布情况。方法 以虾夷扇贝为研究对象,采用火焰原子吸收法进行检测, 系统研究了扇贝丁、扇贝鳃、扇贝内脏、扇贝边中重金属镉分布情况。结果 火焰原子吸收法检出限为0.007 mg/L, 线性范围为0.1~0.8 mg/L, 仪器相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)为0.4%, 该方法的检出限、线性范围、精密度等指标均满足贝类样品的测定要求。贝类不同部位中的镉含量依次为扇贝内脏>扇贝鳃>扇贝边>扇贝丁, 扇贝丁中重金属镉含量低于国家限量标准2 mg/kg(GB 2762-2012), 扇贝边存在部分样品含量大于2 mg/kg, 扇贝鳃和扇贝内脏含量均大于2 mg/kg, 扇贝内脏含量最高(在9.22~62.50 mg/kg范围内)。结论 本研究为虾夷扇贝食品安全性评价提供基础数据, 对贝类产品安全性的科研、管理工作具有一定参考意义。建议食用虾夷扇贝时去除内脏。