Stabilisation of protein and oil in fish silage for use as a ruminant feed supplement

Fish silage was prepared from 96.5% offal obtained from Atlantic cod fillet processing and 3.5% (by wt) formic acid. The fish silage became an homogeneous liquid of low viscosity in 36–58 h at 20°C; however, the oil and protein components continued to be hydrolysed for several months. Addition of formaldehyde to fish silage (0.25 or 0.39% by wt) after liquefaction was complete, served to prevent continued protein hydrolysis and oxidative rancidity of the oil. It also decreased the development of ‘off-odours’, and the formation of total volatile bases. Fish silage was readily absorbed by hay at a ratio of 1.5 parts silage to 1.0 parts hay by weight; the product is referred to as ‘haylage’. Voluntary intake by wethers of ‘haylage’ prepared from de-oiled, formaldehyde-treated fish silage was better than for ‘haylage’ prepared from untreated fish silage. The crude protein content of ‘haylage’ rations was more than satisfactory for fattening lambs, although the energy content of ‘haylage’ rations may be a limiting factor. Retention of fish oil in the silage to increase the energy content of rations was unsuccessful because voluntary feed intake was depressed. The addition of formaldehyde to fish silage is advantageous when the product is to be fed to ruminant livestock since protein and lipid degradation in the feed, and also possibly in the rumen, are minimised and voluntary intake of ‘haylage’ by sheep is increased.     

青藏高原东南部径流特征的空间规律及控制因子研究

采用青藏高原东南部的水文气象资料,对比分析了该地区23个(区间)流域的年径流深、集中度与集中期、基流系数、退水系数等径流特征及其空间分布规律,并进一步研究了这些径流特征的控制因子。结果表明:该地区径流特征的空间分布规律为年径流深从东南(700~1 300 mm)向西北(<400 mm)递减,而集中度则呈相反的空间格局(从<0.44增加到>0.59);退水系数及基流系数,在低海拔地区随高程增大而增大(分别为0.55~0.69、0.51~0.73),但在高海拔地区则随高程增大而减小(0.74~0.42、0.79~0.63)。本研究发现,青藏东南径流特征空间规律的控制因子,具有显著的区域分异:在低海拔流域(平均高程<3 000 m),降水是径流特征的主要影响因子;而在高海拔流域(平均高程>3 000 m),仅径流深和集中度受降水控制,其他特征则主要受温度、冻土、地形等条件的共同影响。可见,由于青藏高原东南部降水和冻土对气候变化敏感,该地区水资源时空分布格局将面临很大的不确定性,对此应予以充分重视。     

Induction of Tertiary Phase Epileptiform Discharges after Postasphyxial Infusion of a Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist in Preterm Fetal Sheep

Background: Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are key immunomodulatory factors that can markedly ameliorate or exacerbate hypoxic–ischemic brain injury. We recently demonstrated that central infusion of the TLR7 agonist Gardiquimod (GDQ) following asphyxia was highly neuroprotective after 3 days but not 7 days of recovery. We hypothesize that this apparent transient neuroprotection is associated with modulation of seizure-genic processes and hemodynamic control. Methods: Fetuses received sham asphyxia or asphyxia induced by umbilical cord occlusion (20.9 ± 0.5 min) and were monitored continuously for 7 days. GDQ 3.34 mg or vehicle were infused intracerebroventricularly from 1 to 4 h after asphyxia. Results: GDQ infusion was associated with sustained moderate hypertension that resolved after 72 h recovery. Electrophysiologically, GDQ infusion was associated with reduced number and burden of postasphyxial seizures in the first 18 h of recovery (p < 0.05). Subsequently, GDQ was associated with induction of slow rhythmic epileptiform discharges (EDs) from 72 to 96 h of recovery (p < 0.05 vs asphyxia + vehicle). The total burden of EDs was associated with reduced numbers of neurons in the caudate nucleus (r² = 0.61, p < 0.05) and CA1/2 hippocampal region (r² = 0.66, p < 0.05). Conclusion: These data demonstrate that TLR7 activation by GDQ modulated blood pressure and suppressed seizures in the early phase of postasphyxial recovery, with subsequent prolonged induction of epileptiform activity. Speculatively, this may reflect delayed loss of early protection or contribute to differential neuronal survival in subcortical regions.     

羊胎盘营养液的制备及其在化妆品中的应用

以妊娠早期羊胎盘为原料,制备了一种新型的化妆品天然添加剂,它不仅含有丰富的氨基酸、多肽,而且含有多种促进、改善组织新陈代谢的酶类。用其配成的营养性膏霜,具有明显的护肤、润肤和营养皮肤的功能,可起到延缓皮肤衰老的作用。     

面向信息检索的藏文文本索引策略研究

互联网文本数量持续爆炸式增长,用户通过互联网查找信息变得更加困难,响应时间得不到满足。针对藏文本身的语言学特点,探讨一种面向信息搜索的藏文文本索引建立策略,建立一种高效的藏文文本索引,以提高藏文信息检索速度。     

最大熵和条件随机场模型相融合的藏文人名识别

藏文人名识别是藏文信息处理领域研究的难点之一,其识别效果直接影响到藏文自动分词的精度和相关应用系统的性能,包括藏汉翻译、藏文信息检索、文本分类等。该文在分析藏文人名构成规律和特点的基础上,提出了一种最大熵和条件随机场相融合的藏文人名识别方法。实验表明,该方法可以获取较好的识别效果,在我们的测试集上F-测度值到达了93.08%。     

青藏高原东部地区水文气候变化趋势分析

青藏高原是众多河流的发源地,为了解该地区水文气候变化的情况,对其东部地区雅鲁藏布江(奴下站)、怒江(嘉玉桥站)、澜沧江(昌都站)、通天河(直门达站)、雅砻江(泸宁站)、黄河(唐乃亥站)共6个流域自20世纪80年代以来的年气温、年降雨和年径流的变化趋势进行研究,分析了年径流对气候变化的响应。结果表明:6个流域的年气温和年降雨基本呈较明显的上升趋势;年径流受气温和降雨的共同影响,奴下站、嘉玉桥站和泸宁站呈一定的上升趋势,昌都站、直门达站和唐乃亥站呈一定的下降趋势。区域内径流多年平均变化率与冰雪面积比例大致呈正相关关系:年径流呈现上升趋势的流域,冰雪面积比例较大,受降雨增加和融雪增加的影响偏大;年径流呈下降趋势的流域,冰雪面积比例较小,受气温上升导致蒸散发增大使径流减少的影响偏大。这些研究结果将对青藏高原地区防洪抗旱、水资源的合理配置和开发、区域水资源可持续利用等具有重要的作用和意义。     

多元文化视野下本土少数民族民间音乐教育之践行——以甘南藏族民间音乐为例

具有五千多年文明历史的中华民族是一个多民族的国家,各个民族独特的音乐决定了其音乐文化的多元性。目前,在中国的高等艺术院校中,尚鲜见将某一区域少数民族民间音乐纳入音乐教育的基本课程。甘肃以及包括与甘肃相连的陕西、青海、四川、新疆等地的少数民族,均为中国独有少数民族较多的民族大省,这一问题比较突出。以甘肃甘南藏族民间音乐为例,指出在中国大力提倡实施多元文化音乐教育的背景之下,首先必须加强、完善当地少数民族民间音乐教育,使其融入多元的世界文化音乐教育体系之中。     

基于藏语字性标注的词性预测研究

该文选取了藏语文中小学教材的部分语料,构建了带有藏语字性标记、词边界标记和词性标记的语料库,通过比较不同的分词、标注方法,证明分词、词性标注一体化效果比分步进行的效果好,准确率、召回率和F值分别提高了0.067、0.073和0.07。但词级标注模型难以解决词边界划分的一致性和未登录词的问题。基于此,作者提出可以利用字性和字构词的规律预测合成词的词性,既可以融入语言学知识又可以减少由未登录词导致的标注错误,实验结果证明,作为词性标注的后处理模块,基于字性标注的词性预测准确率提高到了0.916,这个结果已经比分词标注一体化结果好,说明字性标注对纠正词性错误标注有明显的效果。
     

Water quality in the southern Tibetan Plateau: chemical evaluation of the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra)

Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) is the largest river system draining the northern slopes of the Himalayan ranges on the southern Tibetan Plateau. It remains one of only two large non‐regulated rivers in China. In this paper the chemical composition of Yarlung Tsangpo and its major tributaries (Raga Tsangpo, Nyangchu and Lhasa River) are studied. Water samples (n = 55) were collected and measured for major ions, trace elements and nutrients in order to: (1) define the present chemical quality of this water course; (2) address possible mechanisms governing the water chemical compositions, and (3) identify potential sources for contaminants. Multivariable analysis shows that geology and climate are the major explanatory variables for the spatial variation in water chemistry in this river system. In general, water chemistry is mainly controlled by carbonate weathering, with Ca²⁺ and HCO being the dominant ions. In addition, runoff from brackish/saline lakes and geothermal waters, enriched in Na⁺, Cl^?, SO, Mg²⁺ and Li, are major contributors of elevated concentrations of these solutes in the headwater regions resulting in a relatively high loading of total dissolved solids (TDS, 146–397 mg L^?1). Levels of most heavy metals and total dissolved nutrients were generally found to be low. However, elevated As concentration (avg. 95 μg L^?1) in the headwaters and additions from untreated wastewater were evident at some locations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.