从制药废水中回收金霉素的研究

本文介绍用微孔管表面预涂助滤剂、反渗透浓缩技术从抗生素厂废水中回收金霉素的研究，取得了较好的效果。从而为抗生素厂金霉素废水提供一种新的治理途径。     

金色链霉菌连续培养特性及其动力学研究

研究了以碳源为限制性底物时金色链霉菌连续培养特性和动力学。实验结果表明,Streptomycesaureofaciens的比生长速率与限制性底物浓度的关系符合Monod方程,并得到动力学参数max=0.0649h-1和Ks=8.47gL-1。菌体和产物金霉素chlortetracycline的得率系数分别为1.866gg-1和2.580gg-1,维持系数为0.0051g(gh)-1。菌体和产物的最大产率为0.859g(Lh)-1和0.0299g(Lh)-1。菌体和产物对氧的得率系数分别为60.81gmol-1和64.33gmol-1,对氧的维持系数为0.3390mmol(gh)-1。磷氧比P/O等于2.77。呼吸商RQ与m呈线性正比关系,随着m的减小,碳源代谢流从酵解途径逐渐向戊糖途径增强。代谢流的这种迁移有利于产物金霉素chlortetracycline的合成。     

6-Iso-chlortetracycline or keto form of chlortetracycline? Need for clarification for relevant monitoring of chlortetracycline residues in food

Chlortetracycline (CTC) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in veterinary medicine for pulmonary or digestive infections and having a regulatory maximum residue limit (MRL) necessitating an official analytical control method. The purpose of this study was to clarify the identification of different forms of CTC observed in standard solution, in spiked muscle samples and in naturally incurred muscle samples of pigs analysed by LC-MS/MS and to demonstrate the in vivo formation of 6-iso-chlortetracycline and 4-epi-6-iso-CTC as a metabolite of CTC and 4-epi-CTC in muscle. The six following forms were identified, all being isobaric with a protonated molecule at m/z 479 (precursor ion): the keto-enol forms of CTC and the keto-enol forms of 4-epi-chlortetracycline (4-epi-CTC), 6-iso-chlortetracycline (6-iso-CTC) and 4-epi-6-iso-chlortetracycline (4-epi-6-iso-CTC). The 6-iso-CTC and 4-epi-6-iso-CTC were observed only in incurred pig samples so were identified for the first time as metabolites of CTC and 4-epi-CTC. Identification of the different forms was obtained by comparing incurred muscle samples with standard solutions and with spiked samples. Then the differences between the features of the chromatograms obtained by LC-TQ-MS and the fragmentation study of the different forms of CTC obtained by LC-Q-TOF-MS helped us to support this identification. The extraction steps and the LC-MS/MS conditions developed to analyse muscle tissue samples are described. This clarification concerning the rigorous identification of chromatographic peaks allowed us to evaluate the relevance of our monitoring method with regard to the regulations in place in the European Union and could be of help to laboratories involved in official control of antibiotic residues in food of animal origin. Additional results are also presented highlighting the transformation of the CTC when prepared in a mixture with other antibiotics.     

Methods of Antibiotic Applications as Related to Microbial Quality of Lamb by PCA and Bioluminescence

The effects of different methods of application of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline on microbial properties of lamb meat were studied. A significant antibacterial effect of antibiotic was found on total mesophilic bacteria count. The mesophilic bacteria level was determined by two methods: the conventional method using Plate Count Agar and bioluminescence. Correlation curves of the CFU and RLU values proved two methods were highly related. Thus for the microbiology quality of meat hygiene the bioluminescence method may be used as a fast and alternative method to PCA. Note that bioluminescence requires a higher degree of skill and attention.     

金霉素分子印迹电化学传感器的制备与应用

金霉素（CTC）的滥用给自然环境和人类健康带来了严重的不良影响。建立了一种简便、经济、高效的CTC分子印迹电化学传感器。该传感器的分子印迹膜由邻苯二胺在还原型氧化石墨烯-聚乙烯亚胺复合物（RGO-PEI）修饰的玻碳电极上电聚合而成。采用扫描电子显微镜、红外吸收光谱和紫外可见吸收光谱对RGO-PEI复合材料进行了表征。RGO-PEI复合材料的高比表面积和丰富的氨基基团提高了该传感器检测的灵敏度和稳定性。在优化条件下,该传感器对CTC浓度响应的线性范围为（5.0 × 10^-7）~（1.0 × 10^-4）mol/L,检测限为 1.67 × 10^-7 mol/L （信噪比,S/N=3）。此外,该传感器对卡那霉素、土霉素和盐酸多西环素等干扰物质的响应很小,可用于实际样品中CTC的检测,回收率为102.7% ~ 104.7%,是一种简单、高效的电化学方法。     

猪粪堆肥过程中可培养耐药菌的抗性研究

饲料中常添加抗生素,导致猪粪携带一些耐药病原菌,堆肥是降低猪粪返田环境风险的有效手段,但猪粪堆肥产品耐药菌的特性仍不清晰.为揭示猪粪源堆肥产品中耐药细菌的种类、数量和分布,利用平板计数法、抗生素最小抑制浓度、16S rRNA测序等手段,对猪粪原样和额外添加金霉素CTC(chlortetracycline)猪粪的堆肥产品展开对耐药细菌的数量、抗性和种类的研究.结果表明:堆肥过程中可培养细菌数量是逐渐升高后逐步降低的规律,堆体可培养细菌菌落数远远低于粪便样品.猪粪样品检测到CTC、恩诺沙星ENR(Enrofloxacin)、红霉素ERY(Erythromycin)和磺胺甲基嘧啶SMZ (Sulfamerazine)等药物残留,堆肥结束时,堆体中ENR耐药菌略有增加,SMZ、ERY和CTC 3种耐药菌有效削减.筛选出可培养耐药细菌共25株,多重耐药菌的检出率为20%.粪便好氧堆肥对于耐药菌的数量和种类削减非常有效,但是仍有少部分多重耐药菌存在,对环境造成潜在威胁.     

金霉素分子印迹电化学传感器的制备与应用

金霉素（CTC）的滥用给自然环境和人类健康带来了严重的不良影响。建立了一种简便、经济、高效的CTC分子印迹电化学传感器。该传感器的分子印迹膜由邻苯二胺在还原型氧化石墨烯-聚乙烯亚胺复合物（RGO-PEI）修饰的玻碳电极上电聚合而成。采用扫描电子显微镜、红外吸收光谱和紫外可见吸收光谱对RGO-PEI复合材料进行了表征。RGO-PEI复合材料的高比表面积和丰富的氨基基团提高了该传感器检测的灵敏度和稳定性。在优化条件下，该传感器对CTC浓度响应的线性范围为（5.0 × 10^-7）~（1.0 × 10^-4）mol/L，检测限为 1.67 × 10^-7 mol/L （信噪比，S/N=3）。此外，该传感器对卡那霉素、土霉素和盐酸多西环素等干扰物质的响应很小，可用于实际样品中CTC的检测，回收率为102.7% ~ 104.7%，是一种简单、高效的电化学方法。     

不同环境条件下Fe~(3+)对金霉素降解机制的影响

金霉素(chlortetracycline,CTC)是一种广泛应用于人类和动植物疾病防治的广谱抗生素,作为一类难降解有机物存在于水环境中.通过对Fe3+与CTC的络合反应机制以及不同条件(Fe3+与CTC的摩尔比、温度、pH)下CTC降解规律的研究,探讨了Fe3+的存在对CTC降解规律的影响.结果表明:1 molCTC分子最多络合2 molFe3+,且Fe3+与CTC的结合部位在CTC分子的A环;Fe3+的浓度会对CTC降解产生影响,当Fe3+与CTC的摩尔比为1∶1时,CTC的降解速率最大;CTC的降解速率随着温度和pH的升高而增大;投入与CTC等浓度的Fe3+时,10和20℃条件下CTC的降解速率分别提高了271%和322%(30℃时,Fe3+的效果不是很显著),pH=3、5和7时CTC的降解速率分别提高400%、141%和179%.由于Fe3+大量存在于金霉素制药废水中,通过研究不同环境条件下Fe3+对金霉素降解机制的影响规律,可为实际工程环境条件的确定及制药废水中CTC降解模型的建立提供科学依据.     

Residues of veterinary antibiotics in manures from feedlot livestock in eight provinces of China

The residue levels of selected fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides and tetracyclines in 143 animal dung samples collected in 2007 from large-scale livestock and poultry feedlots in 8 provinces were determined by using ultrasonic extraction and liquid chromatography. Recoveries from spiked pig dung samples (spike level = 1 mg/kg) ranged from 73.9 to 102.0% for fluoroquinolones, from 81.6 to 92.3% for sulfonamides, and from 57.2 to 72.6% for tetracyclines. Relative standard deviations of the recoveries were less than 10% within the same day. Method quantification limits were measured from 0.031 to 0.150 mg/kg for fluoroquinolones, from 0.023 to 0.082 mg/kg for sulfonamides, and 0.091 to 0.182 mg/kg for tetracyclines in spiked pig manure samples. Analysis of 61 pig, 54 chicken and 28 cow dung samples collected in China revealed that in pig and cow dung, up to 33.98 and 29.59 mg/kg ciprofloxacin, 33.26 and 46.70 mg/kg enrofloxacin, 59.06 and 59.59 mg/kg oxytetracycline, and 21.06 and 27.59 mg/kg chlortetracycline could be detected, respectively. A maximum concentration of 99.43 mg/kg fleroxacin, 225.45 mg/kg norfloxacin, 45.59 mg/kg ciprofloxacin and 1420.76 mg/kg enrofloxacin could be detected in chicken dung. No appreciable sulfonamide antibiotic concentrations (less than 10 mg/kg) were found in any animal dung, and only sulfadimidine was observed, at a maximum concentration of 6.04 mg/kg, in chicken dung. Both enrofloxacin and chlortetracycline were detected with a very high occurrence in three animal manure samples. The residue levels for most antibiotics showed significant statistical differences among the sampling districts and the animal species.     

金霉素对畜禽养殖废水厌氧生物处理及细菌多样性的影响

该文研究了不同金霉素浓度下畜禽养殖废水厌氧生物处理系统的COD去除率和产甲烷量,运用PCR—DGGE及差异DNA片段回收克隆测序的方法分析了金霉素对该厌氧生物处理系统细菌多样性的影响。结果表明随着金霉素浓度的增加,畜禽养殖废水的COD去除率和产甲烷量均会受到抑制,产甲烷量差值从6．9％扩大到29．2％,COD去除率从90．89％降至86．96％,而对照组COD去除率达到94．46％。PCR—DGGE分析表明金霉素胁迫能够显著降低畜禽养殖废水厌氧生物处理系统中的细菌多样性,细菌群落丰富度值从0．913降至0．652,而对照组的丰富度值为1。