In situ efficiency of filters in residential central HVAC systems

High-efficiency filtration in residential forced-air heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems protects equipment and can reduce exposure to particulate matter. Laboratory tests provide a measure of the nominal efficiency, but they may not accurately reflect the in situ efficiency of the filters because of variations in system conditions and changes in filter performance over time. The primary focus of this paper is to evaluate the effective filtration efficiency, which is inclusive of any loading and system impacts, in 21 occupied residential homes through in-duct concentration measurements. We considered the role of filter media by testing both electret and non-electret media, as well as the role of loading by considering new and used filters. The results show that filters with higher nominal efficiency generally had higher effective filtration efficiency in the same home. In terms of performance change, there is no significant difference in efficiency between initial and 3-month non-electret filters, but the efficiency of electret filters generally decreased over time. However, both nominal efficiency and performance change were vastly overshadowed by the wide variety in loading and system conditions across homes, making it hard to predict filter efficiency in a given home without in situ measurements.     

Flexible poly(styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene) hybrid nanofibers for bioengineering and water filtration applications

Among the thermoplastic elastomers that play important roles in the polymer industry due to their superior properties, styrene-based species and polyurethane block copolymers are of great interest. Poly(styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene) (SEBS) as a triblock copolymer seems to have the potential to meet many demands in different applications due to various industrial requirements where durability, biocompatibility, breaking elongation, and interfacial adhesion are important. In this study, the SEBS triblock copolymer was functionalized with natural (Satureja hortensis, SH) and synthetic (nanopowder, TiO₂) agents to obtain composite nanofibers by electrospinning and electrospraying methods for use in biomedical and water filtration applications. The results were compared with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composite nanofibers, which are commonly used in these fields. Here, functionalized SEBS nanofibers exhibited antibacterial effect while at the same time improving cell viability. In addition, because of successful water filtration by using the SEBS composite nanofibers, the material may have a good potential to be used comparably to TPU for the application.     

水泥浆失水制约下套管与井眼间隙的研究

通过对水泥浆失水规律的室内试验分析以厦对注水泥顶替过程中水泥浆失水桥堵套管与井眼间隙问题的研究，建立了顶替过程中滤失层不发生水泥浆失水而桥堵环形空间的临界失水量计算模型，提出了调配水泥浆失水性能和确定合理套管井眼间隙的具体方法，对注水泥现场施工和井身结构设计具有一定的指导意义。     

炼油达标污水回用处理试验研究

采用曝气生物滤池、多介质过滤、超滤、反渗透工艺,对炼油达标外排污水进行回用处理中试试验。结果表明,曝气生物滤池对油、COD和浊度去除效果良好,超滤、反渗透膜化学清洗周期达到 2个月以上,脱盐率稳定在98％以上,产水品质达到回用要求。     

梁112块沙四段薄互层低渗透油藏水力压裂工艺优化

梁112块沙四段薄互层油藏属于典型的高压、特低渗透油藏,具有油层多、单层薄、砂岩与泥岩交互等特点。常规压裂效果不理想。通过建立单井模型,确定了压裂应以增加裂缝的长度为主;利用FracproPT软件模拟优化加砂规模;根据油层物性特点优化射孔方案;配套应用粉陶降滤和控制缝高等技术优化了水力压裂工艺。2004年共对11口井实施了大型水力压裂,平均加砂量为42.5m3,平均加砂强度为1.6m3/m,累积增产原油达2.75×104t。     

改性石英砂滤料强化过滤处理含藻水

采用改性石英硝滤料强化过滤处理含藻水的试验结果表明，与石英硝滤料相比，改性石英硝滤料对含藻水具有优良的处理效果；经混凝沉演后水中的余铝对藻类的去除有促进作用。     

Organic matter and nitrogen removal by an on site sewage treatment and disposal system

The performance of an on site sewage treatment and disposal system consisting of a septic tank, a gravel filter, a sand filter and soil absorption trenches operated alternatively, was studied in relation to organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiency. The system was simulated with the aid of a laboratory scale model. BOD₅ and SS removal efficiencies averaged 92.9 and 93.4% respectively. Substantial removal of nitrogen (up to 70%) was achieved due to nitrification followed by denitrification. Removal efficiencies were found to depend on the compaction characteristics of the filter media and the soil, the hydraulic loading applied and the flow conditions (saturated/unsaturated). The results indicate that the system under consideration is a feasible alternative for on site treatment and disposal of domestic sewage.     

Dynamic modes of Ti combustion in a coflow of N<Subscript>2</Subscript>-Ar mixture

Combustion of bulk density Ti powder (containing 20 wt % TiN as a diluent) in a coflow of N₂-Ar mixture was investigated upon variation in the nitrogen content of the gaseous mixture. The obtained data are believed to open up new horizons for fabrication of layered and composite ceramics by infiltration-mediated combustion.      

单层开采的圆形定压边界两层油藏压力动态分析

为更好地分析具有越流的多层油藏的压力动态，采用有效井径的概念，在半透壁模型的基础上建立了圆形定压边界、两层越流油藏单层开采时的渗流数学模型。通过拉氏变换得到了拉氏空间中以Bessel函数表示的精确解。数值反演计算结果表明，单层开采的两层油藏与全部打开的两层油藏的压力动态基本相同，都表现为3个阶段：早期是介于两个渗透层之间的均质流动；中间为过渡段，导数曲线出现下凹特征；晚期表现为整个油藏的均质特征。随着边界距离的增加，压力导数值趋近于0．5。半透率越大过渡段出现得越早。导数曲线下凹程度越小；储容比越大导数曲线峰值越小，导数曲线下凹程度越小；随着两层渗透率比值变小。过渡段变短，导数曲线下凹程度变小。图1参9