Marine Phospholipids from Fishery By-Products Attenuate Atherosclerosis

In this study, the anti-atherosclerotic properties of three marine phospholipids (MPLs) extracts from fishery by-products including codfish roe, squid gonad, and shrimp head are verified. Their effects on key factors involved in atherosclerosis are examined and compared to explore whether the differences in their constitutions lead to the differences in the function. All three MPLs dampen oxidation of low- density lipoproteins (LDL) in vitro. Treating RAW264.7 macrophages and HUVECs endothelial cells with each MPLs ranging 10–100 µg mL⁻¹ does not decrease cell viability, yet ox-LDL caused cytotoxicity of both cells are alleviated by 50 or 100 µg mL⁻¹ MPLs treatment. In addition, the three MPLs reduce ox-LDL induced macrophage foam-like transition, mainly through inhibition of lipid uptake. Of the three MPLs, the one from squid gonad exhibits the best effect. On the other hand, all three MPLs modulate inflammatory responses, equally, by inhibiting the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells, and decreasing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and MCP-1. Using a high-cholesterol diet induced zebrafish model, it is found that all three MPLs, especially the one from squid gonad, alleviates cholesterol accumulation in early plaques, and decreases total cholesterol as well as lipid peroxide in vivo. Practical Applications: As a way of making the best of the increasingly scarce marine resources, valuable lipid components can be recovered from by-products and wastes from the fishery industry. Here, we tested the anti-atherosclerotic effects and the mechanisms of three MPLs extracted from codfish roe, squid gonad, and shrimp head. Our study provides further evidence that marine phospholipids extracted from fishery by-products could protect against atherosclerosis, and helps to elucidate the structure-function relationship of MPLs.     

浓缩大豆磷脂制取工艺及设备的研究

对水化油脚采用新工艺和新设备制取浓缩大豆磷脂，并对制取浓缩大豆磷脂的影响因素进行分析和优化，得到了制取浓缩大豆磷脂新工艺和最佳工艺参数。     

Liver Lipids of Patients with Hepatitis B and C and Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still remains a difficult to cure malignancy. In recent years, the focus has shifted to lipid metabolism for the treatment of HCC. Very little is known about hepatitis B virus (HBV) and C virus (HCV)-related hepatic lipid disturbances in non-malignant and cancer tissues. The present study showed that triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations were similar in tumor adjacent HBV and HCV liver, and were not induced in the HCC tissues. Higher levels of free cholesterol, polyunsaturated phospholipids and diacylglycerol species were noted in non-tumorous HBV compared to HCV liver. Moreover, polyunsaturated phospholipids and diacylglycerols, and ceramides declined in tumors of HBV infected patients. All of these lipids remained unchanged in HCV-related HCC. In HCV tumors, polyunsaturated phosphatidylinositol levels were even induced. There were no associations of these lipid classes in non-tumor tissues with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis scores. Moreover, these lipids did not correlate with tumor grade or T-stage in HCC tissues. Lipid reprogramming of the three analysed HBV/HCV related tumors mostly resembled HBV-HCC. Indeed, lipid composition of non-tumorous HCV tissue, HCV tumors, HBV tumors and HBV/HCV tumors was highly similar. The tumor suppressor protein p53 regulates lipid metabolism. The p53 and p53S392 protein levels were induced in the tumors of HBV, HCV and double infected patients, and this was significant in HBV infection. Negative correlation of tumor p53 protein with free cholesterol indicates a role of p53 in cholesterol metabolism. In summary, the current study suggests that therapeutic strategies to target lipid metabolism in chronic viral hepatitis and associated cancers have to consider disease etiology.     

Continuous production of structured phospholipids in a packed bed reactor with lipase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thermomyces lanuginosa</Emphasis>

The possibilities of producing structured phospholipids between soybean phospholipids and caprylic acid by lipase-catalyzed acidolysis were examined in continuous packedbed enzyme reactors. Acidolysis reactions were performed in both a solvent system and a solvent-free system with the commercially immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa (Lipozyme TL IM) as catalyst. In the packed bed reactors, different parameters for the lipase-catalyzed acidolysis were elucidated, such as solvent ratio (solvent system), temperature, substrate ratio, residence time, water content, and operation stability. The water content was observed to be very crucial for the acidolysis reaction in packed bed reactors. If no water was added to the substrate during reactions under the solvent-free system, very low incorporation corporation of caprylic acid was observed. In both solvent and solvent-free systems, acyl incorporation was favored by a high substrate ratio between acyl donor and phospholipids, a longer residence time, and a higher reaction temperature. Under certain conditions, the incorporation of around 30% caprylic acid can be obtained in continuous operation with hexane as the solvent. Presented at the 95th American Oil Chemists' Society Annual Meeting and Expo in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 10, 2004.     

Membrane degumming of crude rice bran oil: Pilot plant study

The procedure for the classical chemical refining of vegetable oils consists of degumming, alkali neutralization, bleaching, and deodorization. Conventional refining of rice bran oil using alkali gives oil of acceptable quality, but the refining losses are very high. A critical work has been carried out to study the application of membrane technology in the pretreatment of crude rice bran oil. Oils intended for physical refining should have a low phosphorus content, and this is not readily achievable by the conventional acid/water degumming process. The application of membrane technology for the pretreatment of rice bran oil has been investigated. The process has already been successfully applied to other vegetable oils. Ceramic membranes, which are important from the commercial point of view, were examined for this purpose. The results showed that the membrane‐filtered oils met the requirements of physical refining, with a substantial reduction in color. It was observed that most of the waxy material was also rejected. Experiments were carried out to establish the relationship between permeate flux and rejection with membrane pore size, trans‐membrane pressure and micellar solute concentration.     

NanoSolve--一种包裹亲油性活性物的新技术

说明厂磷脂是天然化妆品成分，指出传统加溶方式的缺点，介绍了一种用磷脂包裹亲油性活性物的新技术、NanoSolve的原理和优点及其在护肤品等领域的应用。     

Solvent extraction of oil from soybean flour II— pilot plant and two-solvent extractions

The process of grinding soybeans to a fine flour and extracting the flour with hexane was studied on a pilot plant scale. The crude oil from the pilot plant study had 15 ppm phosphorus and was suitable for physical refining after a light acid pretreatment and bleaching. The refined oil showed a Lovibond color of 1.4 yellow and 0.3 red. The pilot plant study also showed that grinding of the soybeans and the separation of solid from miscella were the most difficult steps in solvent extraction with fine flour. A laboratory study on separation of miscella from meal by aqueous ethanol reduced the hold-up volume, but it did not remove all the miscella. A test with betacarotene showed that only the miscella outside the flour particles was displaced. Aqueous ethanol solutions used as a second solvent extracted additional nontriglyceride materials (primarily phospholipids) from the meal. Also, the free fatty acid content of the oil was increased with aqueous ethanol solution wash. The quality of the extracted crude oil was lowered by using a second solvent, but it had the advantage of needing only one centrifugation to separate miscella from meal.     

低温豆粕中磷脂对蛋白提取率的影响

通过3次酸沉的方法从大豆蛋白提取液中分离出7S、11S及磷脂膜蛋白组分,对比了两种低温豆粕所制得的蛋白产品各组分中脂质的含量,分析了磷脂在低温豆粕中的残留情况以及磷脂对低温豆粕中蛋白溶解性的影响,认为残留的磷脂对低温豆粕中蛋白提取是不利的.     

大豆浓缩磷脂的马来酸酐酰化改性研究

以马来酸酐为酰化试剂,与大豆浓缩磷脂进行酰化改性反应,探讨了马来酸酐用量、反应时间、反应温度等对浓缩磷脂酰化改性的影响.结果表明:酰化试剂用量为5%,时间为30 min,温度为55℃时,浓缩磷脂的酸价从18.45 mg/g升至58.85 mg/g,酰化率达87.35%,再用碱中和酰化磷脂降低酸价.由红外光谱测定酰化改性磷脂结构可知:在1 500~1 700 cm-1有吸收峰,即酰胺基团的引入;比拟法测定HLB值达5~7,乳化性能有明显的提高和改善.     

Effect of lipids on soy protein isolate solubility

Reduced-lipid soy protein isolate (SPI), prepared from soy flour treated so that most of the polar lipids have been removed, exhibited an increase in protein solubility of 50% over that of the control SPI prepared from hexane-defatted flour. Adding lipids from a commercial SPI during processing of reduced-lipid SPI decreased SPI solubility by 46%. The 19% decreased solubility caused by the lipids (primarily phospholipids) was largely recovered by treating the protein with a reducing agent (2-mercaptoethanol). The balance of protein insolubility, caused by the lipids, was attributed to a smaller lipid fraction (approximately 5% of the total lipids). Adding lipids during SPI processing contributed to both the formation of oxidized protein sulfhydryls, incapable of being reduced by 2-mercaptoethanol, and to oxidative deterioration of protein as determined by protein carbonyl contents.