Norovirus and MS2 inactivation kinetics of UV-A and UV-B with and without TiO2

Germicidal ultraviolet, such as 254-nm UV-C, is a common method of disinfection of pathogenic enteric viruses. However, the disinfection efficacies of UV-A or -B in terms of inactivating waterborne viruses such as norovirus have not been characterized. We evaluated the inactivation kinetics of MS2 bacteriophage and murine norovirus (MNV), a surrogate of human norovirus (NoV), by UV-A and -B. In addition to UV disinfection, we further investigated whether the presence of TiO₂ could enhance the virus inactivation kinetics of UV-A and -B. Both MS2 and MNV were highly resistant to UV-A. However, the addition of TiO₂ enhanced the efficacy of UV-A for inactivating these viruses. UV-A dose of 1379 mJ/cm² resulted in a 4 log₁₀ reduction. In comparison, UV-B alone effectively inactivated both MS2 and MNV, as evidenced by the 4 log₁₀ reduction by 367 mJ/cm² of UV-B. The addition of TiO₂ increased the inactivation of MS2; however, it did not significantly increase the efficacy of UV-B disinfection for inactivating MNV. When these treatments were applied to field water such as groundwater, the results were generally consistent with the laboratory findings. Our results clearly indicated that UV-B is useful for the disinfection of waterborne norovirus. However, MNV was quite resistant to UV-A, and UV-A effectively inactivated the tested viruses only when used in combination with TiO₂.     

后基因组时代诺如病毒的研究进展

食源性疾病暴发通常是由于食品中的微生物污染引起的。诺如病毒是引起急性和慢性胃肠炎的主要病原体之一,每年在世界范围内引起频繁的暴发,增加人们的生活和健康负担。由于诺如病毒突变的迅速发生以及各个行业,尤其是食品行业的全球化的逐渐加快,诺如病毒的感染已成为严重的公共卫生问题。随着后基因组时代的到来和技术的成熟,诺如病毒的研究取得了新的进展。在这里,我们就诺如病毒的病毒学特征、感染后的临床症状、人体的免疫反应、诊断技术以及现阶段使用基因组学技术的各项发展进行了全面的讨论,为诺如病毒感染的研究和控制了线索。     

Swabbing the surface: critical factors in environmental monitoring and a path towards standardization and improvement

Abstract

Cross-contamination can be broadly defined as the transfer, direct or indirect, of microorganisms from a contaminated product to a non-contaminated product. Events that may result in cross-contamination include inadequate hygiene practices, contaminated equipment surfaces, contamination via food handling personnel, further product processing, or storage abuse All of these niches require consistent environmental surveillance systems to monitor microbial harborage sites to prevent foodborne illnesses via cross-contamination. Environmental surveillance is achieved through routine surface sampling of the food contact surfaces and surrounding areas. To better understand cross-contamination, the role of environmental surface transmission during outbreaks due to the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms on various food contact surfaces must be investigated. However, studies on environmental sampling techniques are rarely performed in an actual food processing environment but rather under controlled variables within a laboratory-setting. Moreover, results and conclusions of studies differ because of the considerable variability across surface sampling tools due to individual operator dependency, low recovery rates, and low reproducibility. Information is also often lacking on environmental sampling tools used within a processing facility, the characterization of these tools, and the optimization of recovery of microorganisms for surface sampling. Thus, this review aims to: (1) discuss and compare factors impacting the recovery of microorganisms and the standardization of surface sampling methods for optimal recovery of microorganisms and (2) examine how research strategies could focus more towards the development of standard methodologies for surface sampling.     

猪胃黏蛋白偶联磁珠和聚乙二醇富集检测青葱和葡萄中诺如病毒的比较研究

目的:以青葱与葡萄为材料,建立以猪胃黏蛋白偶联磁珠(PGM-MB)和聚乙二醇8000(PEG8000)富集检测水果、蔬菜中诺如病毒的方法。方法:确定病毒原液中的相对病毒量,梯度稀释病毒原液并进行实时荧光-聚合酶链式反应检测,以每个反应管内的荧光信号达到设定的域值时所经历的循环数值与病毒量(实时荧光-聚合酶链式反应单位数)的常用对数值绘制标准曲线和线性方程;人工接种诺如病毒于青葱与葡萄表面,洗脱后,分别用PEG8000和PGM-MB富集诺如病毒,实时荧光-聚合酶链式反应扩增,用标准曲线对回收的病毒进行相对定量。结果:基质为青葱时,高接种量条件下,两种富集方法的病毒回收效果相当,低接种量下,PGM-MB法的富集回收率高于PEG8000法,且PGM-MB的检测下限更低;基质为葡萄时,PGM-MB法的富集回收率均高于PEG8000法,且检测下限更低。结论:PGM-MB富集效果良好,快速方便,适合应用于水果和蔬菜中的诺如病毒的富集检测。     

Detection of human norovirus in cherry tomatoes, blueberries and vegetable salad by using a receptor-binding capture and magnetic sequestration (RBCMS) method

In this study, we developed a sensitive receptor-binding capture and magnetic sequestration (RBCMS) method capable of concentrating human norovirus (HuNoV) from various food samples within few hours. We found that distilled water was suitable for the elution of HuNoV from inoculated tomatoes and blueberries, and glycine buffer improved the elution of HuNoV from inoculated salad. A significant improvement in post-extraction RNA yield was achieved by sequentially heat-releasing and column-extracting over either technique alone. The viral recovery of the RBCMS method was significantly higher than both the same-day PEG method (90 min PEG precipitation) and the two-day PEG method (overnight PEG precipitation) with a recovery rate of 8.75%, 1.03% and 5.40%, respectively. The detection limit of HuNoV by RBCMS method was significantly improved to 0.056 RTU. The estimated minimal concentration powers (MCPs) were 6.11, 30.48, and 63.60-fold for the same-day PEG, two-day PEG, and RBCMS methods, respectively. RNase protection assay suggests that the viral genome was protected from RNase attack by remaining within the viral capsid. The signal detected by the RBCMS method might be more biologically relevant, as it requires both intact viral capsid to bind to HBGA receptors and the presence of viral genome to be amplified. Overall, the RBCMS method takes significantly less time than current PEG precipitation methods, recovers a higher yield of HuNoV from various food samples, and hence exhibits higher sensitivity.     

食源性诺如病毒单克隆抗体可变区基因克隆及结构特征分析

食源性诺如病毒是引发全球食品安全事件的重要病原,近年来新冠疫情的持续肆虐,更突显了加强食品领域病毒安全研究的紧迫性。该研究以实验室前期获得的食源性诺如病毒高效单克隆抗体为对象,克隆并系统分析了其重链和轻链可变区基因序列。从分泌食源性诺如病毒单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株1E3中提取总RNA,通过RT-PCR扩增单克隆抗体1E3的重链可变区VH和轻链可变区VL的DNA序列。将产物克隆到PMD19-T载体,测序并分析其可变区氨基酸序列。通过NCBIblast比对,显示扩增的VH和VL序列为小鼠抗体可变区序列,进一步利用Vbase2数据库对测序结果进行基因结构分析,定位了VH和VL上的高变区域互补决定区CDR和骨架区域FR,各包含3个CDR和4个FR区域,其中VH片段为360bp,编码120个氨基酸,属于IGHV3-2*02家族;VL片段为339bp,编码113个氨基酸,属于IGKV1-135*01家族。通过分子对接表明抗体重链上位点D108与病毒衣壳P蛋白上N195形成氢键,为关键氨基酸残基。食源性诺如病毒单克隆抗体VH和VL片段的成功扩增促进了基因工程抗体的发展及其在食品安全新型检测与控制技术的应用。     

The Role of Host Glycobiology and Gut Microbiota in Rotavirus and Norovirus Infection,an Update

Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Several studies have demonstrated that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have a role in NoV and RV infections since their presence on the gut epithelial surfaces is essential for the susceptibility to many NoV and RV genotypes. Polymorphisms in genes that code for enzymes required for HBGAs synthesis lead to secretor or non-secretor and Lewis positive or Lewis negative individuals. While secretor individuals appear to be more susceptible to RV infections, regarding NoVs infections, there are too many discrepancies that prevent the ability to draw conclusions. A second factor that influences enteric viral infections is the gut microbiota of the host. In vitro and animal studies have determined that the gut microbiota limits, but in some cases enhances enteric viral infection. The ways that microbiota can enhance NoV or RV infection include virion stabilization and promotion of virus attachment to host cells, whereas experiments with microbiota-depleted and germ-free animals point to immunoregulation as the mechanism by which the microbiota restrict infection. Human trials with live, attenuated RV vaccines and analysis of the microbiota in responder and non-responder individuals also allowed the identification of bacterial taxa linked to vaccine efficacy. As more information is gained on the complex relationships that are established between the host (glycobiology and immune system), the gut microbiota and intestinal viruses, new avenues will open for the development of novel anti-NoV and anti-RV therapies.