GⅡ型诺如病毒微滴式数字RT-PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

为了建立快速准确的GⅡ型诺如病毒定量检测方法,本研究将微滴式数字RT-PCR技术应用于GⅡ型诺如病毒检测中,并与实时荧光RT-PCR法进行了比对。微滴式数字RT-PCR反应退火温度的优化实验确定了其最佳退火温度为56℃,实时荧光RT-PCR和微滴式数字RT-PCR两种方法的灵敏度实验对比表明微滴式数字RT-PCR法检测GⅡ型诺如病毒的灵敏度为5.40 copies/μL,其灵敏度高于实时荧光RT-PCR法,重复性实验对比表明两种方法在检测中间浓度的GⅡ型诺如病毒时重复性均较好;人工污染西生菜实验中表明微滴式数字RT-PCR法最低检测限为54.00 copies/μL。本研究建立的GⅡ型诺如病毒的微滴式RT-PCR检测方法,灵敏度高,重复性良好,在人工污染西生菜GⅡ型诺如病毒的检测中表现理想,具有良好的应用前景。     

食源性诺如病毒单克隆抗体可变区基因克隆及结构特征分析

食源性诺如病毒是引发全球食品安全事件的重要病原,近年来新冠疫情的持续肆虐,更突显了加强食品领域病毒安全研究的紧迫性。该研究以实验室前期获得的食源性诺如病毒高效单克隆抗体为对象,克隆并系统分析了其重链和轻链可变区基因序列。从分泌食源性诺如病毒单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株1E3中提取总RNA,通过RT-PCR扩增单克隆抗体1E3的重链可变区VH和轻链可变区VL的DNA序列。将产物克隆到PMD19-T载体,测序并分析其可变区氨基酸序列。通过NCBIblast比对,显示扩增的VH和VL序列为小鼠抗体可变区序列,进一步利用Vbase2数据库对测序结果进行基因结构分析,定位了VH和VL上的高变区域互补决定区CDR和骨架区域FR,各包含3个CDR和4个FR区域,其中VH片段为360bp,编码120个氨基酸,属于IGHV3-2*02家族;VL片段为339bp,编码113个氨基酸,属于IGKV1-135*01家族。通过分子对接表明抗体重链上位点D108与病毒衣壳P蛋白上N195形成氢键,为关键氨基酸残基。食源性诺如病毒单克隆抗体VH和VL片段的成功扩增促进了基因工程抗体的发展及其在食品安全新型检测与控制技术的应用。     

Norovirus and MS2 inactivation kinetics of UV-A and UV-B with and without TiO2

Germicidal ultraviolet, such as 254-nm UV-C, is a common method of disinfection of pathogenic enteric viruses. However, the disinfection efficacies of UV-A or -B in terms of inactivating waterborne viruses such as norovirus have not been characterized. We evaluated the inactivation kinetics of MS2 bacteriophage and murine norovirus (MNV), a surrogate of human norovirus (NoV), by UV-A and -B. In addition to UV disinfection, we further investigated whether the presence of TiO₂ could enhance the virus inactivation kinetics of UV-A and -B. Both MS2 and MNV were highly resistant to UV-A. However, the addition of TiO₂ enhanced the efficacy of UV-A for inactivating these viruses. UV-A dose of 1379 mJ/cm² resulted in a 4 log₁₀ reduction. In comparison, UV-B alone effectively inactivated both MS2 and MNV, as evidenced by the 4 log₁₀ reduction by 367 mJ/cm² of UV-B. The addition of TiO₂ increased the inactivation of MS2; however, it did not significantly increase the efficacy of UV-B disinfection for inactivating MNV. When these treatments were applied to field water such as groundwater, the results were generally consistent with the laboratory findings. Our results clearly indicated that UV-B is useful for the disinfection of waterborne norovirus. However, MNV was quite resistant to UV-A, and UV-A effectively inactivated the tested viruses only when used in combination with TiO₂.     

太平洋牡蛎不同温度处理下转录组分析与类B3GALT1基因的克隆及表达

目的 探究不同温度处理下太平洋牡蛎中诺如病毒结合受体合成通路上响应的基因, 筛选后进行克隆和表达规律的研究。方法 对牡蛎分别进行高温(25 ℃)及低温(5 ℃)处理, 取其鳃和消化腺两种组织, 提取RNA后进行转录组测序与分析。选取诺如病毒结合受体合成通路上规律性响应温度处理的基因作为目标, 对目标基因进行克隆、原核表达与免疫印迹鉴定。通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR)分析该基因的组织表达和季节表达规律。结果 类β1,3半乳糖转移酶1 (B3GALT1)基因(GenBank LOC117683256)在鳃组织低温组的多个取样点均出现显著上调。扩增得到该基因1089 bp的编码区(coding sequence, CDS)。在25 ℃、异丙基-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl beta-D-1- thiogalactopyranoside, IPTG)诱导8 h后, 出现大小约为84.9 kDa的蛋白条带, 该条带与抗MBP标签抗体、抗人B3GALT1抗体均能发生特异性结合。类B3GALT1基因在鳃组织中大量表达, 且低温时的表达量显著高于高温(P<0.01)。结论 太平洋牡蛎类B3GALT1基因的表达量受温度影响, 表达的蛋白与人类β1,3半乳糖基转移酶具有相似的免疫原性; 类B3GALT1基因的组织表达和季节表达规律在一定程度上与诺如病毒爆发的季节性相符合。本研究为深入探索牡蛎季节性富集诺如病毒分子机制提供基础。     

Swabbing the surface: critical factors in environmental monitoring and a path towards standardization and improvement

Abstract

Cross-contamination can be broadly defined as the transfer, direct or indirect, of microorganisms from a contaminated product to a non-contaminated product. Events that may result in cross-contamination include inadequate hygiene practices, contaminated equipment surfaces, contamination via food handling personnel, further product processing, or storage abuse All of these niches require consistent environmental surveillance systems to monitor microbial harborage sites to prevent foodborne illnesses via cross-contamination. Environmental surveillance is achieved through routine surface sampling of the food contact surfaces and surrounding areas. To better understand cross-contamination, the role of environmental surface transmission during outbreaks due to the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms on various food contact surfaces must be investigated. However, studies on environmental sampling techniques are rarely performed in an actual food processing environment but rather under controlled variables within a laboratory-setting. Moreover, results and conclusions of studies differ because of the considerable variability across surface sampling tools due to individual operator dependency, low recovery rates, and low reproducibility. Information is also often lacking on environmental sampling tools used within a processing facility, the characterization of these tools, and the optimization of recovery of microorganisms for surface sampling. Thus, this review aims to: (1) discuss and compare factors impacting the recovery of microorganisms and the standardization of surface sampling methods for optimal recovery of microorganisms and (2) examine how research strategies could focus more towards the development of standard methodologies for surface sampling.     

草莓中诺如病毒和甲肝病毒的多重实时荧光逆转录PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立草莓中诺如病毒GI、诺如病毒GII和甲肝病毒等3种食源性病毒的多重实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法,并应用于实际样品检测。方法对草莓样品进行前处理、病毒富集、病毒RNA提取和纯化后,先采用单重实时荧光RT-PCR进行检测,随后进行多重实时荧光RT-PCR反应条件优化,建立多重实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法并分析其特异性和灵敏度。结果所采用的病毒富集和核酸提取方法可以实现病毒的有效富集和抑制剂的去除,建立的多重实时荧光RT-PCR方法特异性强(100%),对草莓样品中诺如病毒GI、诺如病毒GII和甲肝病毒的检测灵敏度分别为56.2 RT-PCR50/20 g、31.6 RT-PCR50/20 g和31.4 CCID50/20 g。同时对50份样品进行检测,结果均为阴性。结论所建立的检测方法快速、灵敏、特异性强,适用于草莓产品中诺如病毒GI、诺如病毒GII和甲肝病毒的同时检测。     

Detection of human norovirus in cherry tomatoes, blueberries and vegetable salad by using a receptor-binding capture and magnetic sequestration (RBCMS) method

In this study, we developed a sensitive receptor-binding capture and magnetic sequestration (RBCMS) method capable of concentrating human norovirus (HuNoV) from various food samples within few hours. We found that distilled water was suitable for the elution of HuNoV from inoculated tomatoes and blueberries, and glycine buffer improved the elution of HuNoV from inoculated salad. A significant improvement in post-extraction RNA yield was achieved by sequentially heat-releasing and column-extracting over either technique alone. The viral recovery of the RBCMS method was significantly higher than both the same-day PEG method (90 min PEG precipitation) and the two-day PEG method (overnight PEG precipitation) with a recovery rate of 8.75%, 1.03% and 5.40%, respectively. The detection limit of HuNoV by RBCMS method was significantly improved to 0.056 RTU. The estimated minimal concentration powers (MCPs) were 6.11, 30.48, and 63.60-fold for the same-day PEG, two-day PEG, and RBCMS methods, respectively. RNase protection assay suggests that the viral genome was protected from RNase attack by remaining within the viral capsid. The signal detected by the RBCMS method might be more biologically relevant, as it requires both intact viral capsid to bind to HBGA receptors and the presence of viral genome to be amplified. Overall, the RBCMS method takes significantly less time than current PEG precipitation methods, recovers a higher yield of HuNoV from various food samples, and hence exhibits higher sensitivity.