Sex pheromone of the mullein bug,Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) (Heteroptera: Miridae)

The first known sex pheromone for the family Miridae is reported for the mullein bug,Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) (Heteroptera: Miridae). Extracts of and Porapak Q-trapped volatiles from females were attractive to males in field bioassays. Butyl butyrate and hexyl butyrate were the predominant compounds in the females' volatiles, but these compounds previously had been found to be inactive when released alone or in combination. Butyl butyrate in combination with an isolated trace chemical, (E)-crotyl butyrate (which was inactive alone), rivaled the attraction elicited by five live females. When synthetic butyl butyrate and (E)-crotyl butyrate in a 16: 1 ratio were released at 91 or 183 g/day, they comprised an effective attractant for male bugs.     

Surface disposition and stability of pest-interactive,trichome-exuded diterpenes and sucrose esters of tobacco

The precise physical location of trichome-exudate biochemicals on the plant surface is undoubtedly important in plant-pest interactions, perhaps particularly those involving fungal and bacterial pathogens that invade the plant through the epidermal layer. The chemical stability of exuded compounds is also important in this regard. Here we have studied these two aspects of trichome biology using the highly exuded tobacco line,Nicotiana tabacum, T.I. 1068. Particularly under high relative humidity growth conditions, sucrose esters (SE) were found to migrate from the exudate droplet around the gland down the trichome stalk to the epidermal cells below. Six days after labeling leaf midveins on plants grown in a high humidity environment, 29 and 71% of label found in SE were recovered with trichome glands and below gland regions, respectively. Corresponding disposition in the moderate humidity environment was 40 and 60%, respectively. Migration of less polar duvatrienediols (DVT) was less marked. Staining of SE with rhodamine B showed the occurrence of more extensive and physically different migration in the high humidity versus moderate humidity case. Both SE and DVT were stable between six and 18 days postlabeling, the period encompassing the time of maximum exudate formation through the beginning of tissue senescence. Our results suggest that even under conditions that avoid mechanical disturbance of tissue, SE and DVT are chemically stable, at least until senescence, and appear to migrate from the gland region to the epidermal surface, apparently according to their relative polarity.     

Oxidation and intergranular disintegration of the aluminides NiAl and NbAl3 and phases in the system Nb-Ni-Al

The oxidation behavior is very different for an aluminide with a wide homogeneity range such as -NiAl than for a line compound such as NbAl ₃.Oxidation of -NiAl at temperatures 1273 K leads to a slow-growing -alumina layer. The metal phase beneath the scale remains as -NiAl; however, cavity formation is observed. The cavity formation may be favored by sulphur surface segregation. Oxidation of NbAl ₃ at temperatures 1273 K initially leads to -Al ₂O₃,but the Al depletion causes the formation of Nb ₂ Al beneath the oxide layer. Cracking of the Al ₂O₃ layer opens Nb ₂ Al to the atmosphere, which oxidizes rapidly to Nb ₂O₅ and NbAlO₄.After consumption of the Nb ₂ Al, a layer of Al ₂O₃ formed again on the NbAl ₃ phase, but failure of the alumina and the fast growth of the other oxides occur as a repeated process. Thus, NbAl ₃ exhibited rapid linear oxidation kinetics. Multiphase alloys in the system Nb-Ni-Al generally behave better than NbAl ₃,and the low oxidation rates of -NiAl can be approached. In the temperature range below 1273 K, with a maximum at 1000 K, both NiAl and NbAl ₃ show the pest phenomenon, an intergranular disintegration. Preceding the disintegration, oxygen diffuses into the grain boundaries of the material and Al ₂O₃ is formed at the grain boundaries, beginning from the surface region. NiAl is susceptible only in a very limited range of oxygen pressures and temperatures, whereas NbAl ₃ is much more susceptible.     

嵌入式技术在虫害测报系统中的应用研究

通过对嵌入式系统定义及嵌入式技术特点的阐述,说明了ARM嵌入式技术的优势。结合嵌入式技术在虫害测报系统中的具体应用实例,说明了运用ARM嵌入式系统的必要性、有效性以及必然趋势。     

A computer implementation of the partition of the unity procedure and its application to arthropod population dynamics. A case study on the European grape berry moth

This paper presents a new procedure to construct families of spatial approximation-prediction functions which depend on several parameters. The method is based on partitions of the unity. In order to find optimal functions in these families we introduce a Vietoris simplicial set associated to an influence radius. We consider error estimators induced by these Vietoris simplicial sets. A computational implementation of these mathematical models has been developed to be applied to any kind of finite discrete data. Our methods provide a useful tool for the analysis of the spatial distribution of species, which is imperative for developing accurate and efficient management of endangered and invasive species, biological conservation programs, etc. We demonstrate the application of our method to the analysis of the spatial distribution of the grape moth Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the vineyards of La Rioja obtaining useful results for the management of this pest.     

基于物联网的苹果树病虫防治专家系统的设计与应用

提出一种基于物联网技术的专家系统结构,并以苹果树病虫防治专家系统为例,介绍专家系统的设计方法,以及物联网技术在专家系统中的应用和管理.     

几种诱捕器对储粮害虫诱捕效果的评价

利用不同形状的诱捕器对几种主要储粮害虫的诱捕效果进行了评价.以碎麦作为食物引诱剂,在粮堆的纵向中线及墙边缘布置4种诱捕器;并在粮堆的中线上布置不同数量的诱捕器,使得诱捕器的摆放密度不同.研究结果表明:4种诱捕器放在墙边缘诱到的蛾类、书虱和锈赤扁谷盗较放在粮堆中线要多,并且差异显著(P<0.05);4种诱捕器对于不同习性的害虫诱捕的效果差异显著:诱捕蛾类时,圆顶诱捕器的诱捕效果最好,其次是三角诱捕器.探管诱捕器对于书虱、锈赤扁谷盗、米象的诱捕效果最好.同时结果显示,圆盘诱捕器对多种储粮害虫都表现出良好的诱捕效果;诱捕器的摆放密度对于诱捕器的诱捕效果影响显著.     

330kV龙乌线不明闪络原因研究分析

330kV龙乌线自1999年11月25日投运以来，至今已连续发生多次不明原因闪络跳闸事故。攻关小组进行了大量的现场调查、污秽取样分析以及大量模拟试验研究工作。根据试验研究结果，对龙乌线闪络事故成因做了进一步的分析，较为准确地确定了龙乌线闪络事故的基本原因。并提出了具体的切实有效的防范措施，取得了良好的效果。     

Strawberries from integrated pest management and organic farming: Phenolic composition and antioxidant properties

Consumer awareness, pesticide and fertilizer contaminations and environmental concerns have resulted in significant demand for organically grown farm produce. Consumption of berries has become popular among health-conscious consumers due to the high levels of valuable antioxidants, such as anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds. The present study evaluated the influence that organic farming (OF) and integrated pest management (IPM) practise exert on the total phenolic content in 22 strawberry samples from four varieties. Postharvest performance of OF and IPM strawberries grown in the same area in the centre of Portugal and harvested at the same maturity stage were compared. Chemical profiles (phenolic compounds) were determined with the aid of HPLC-DAD/MS. Total phenolic content was higher for OF strawberry extracts. This study showed that the main differences in bioactive phytochemicals between organically and IPM grown strawberries concerned their anthocyanin levels. Organically grown strawberries were significantly higher in antioxidant activity than were the IPM strawberries, as measured by DPPH and FRAP assays.     

Residual efficacy of deltamethrin and β-cyfluthrin against Trogoderma variabile and Trogoderma inclusum (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Trogroderma variabile Ballion, warehouse beetle, and Trogoderma inclusum LeConte, larger cabinet beetle, are dermestid pests of stored products. A series of laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate residual toxicity of the pyrethroids deltamethrin and β-cyfluthrin, applied on a concrete surface substrate for control of adults and larvae of both species, to provide initial baseline susceptibility data for dermestids. Commercial formulations were applied at calculated deposition rates of 8, 16, and 24 mg active ingredient [AI] per m² for deltamethrin and 10 and 20 mg active ingredient [AI] per m² for β-cyfluthrin. Ten adults or larvae of either species were introduced to individual untreated and treated arenas at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mo post-treatment. Adult mortality was evaluated after 4 d of exposure with no food provided, and larval mortality was assessed 30 d after exposure with provision of food. Adult mortality of both species exposed to both insecticides ranged from 72.4 ± 6.9 to 100% depending on exposure interval. Larval mortality ranged from 18.3 ± 5.4 to 96.7 ± 2.1% on arenas treated with deltamethrin, and was significantly lower than adult mortality (P < 0.001) at bioassays conducted at 2 and 3 mo post-treatment for both species at all three rates. Larval mortality on arenas treated with β-cyfluthrin ranged from 20.0 ± 4.5 to 71.7 ± 4.8%, and was always lower (P < 0.001) at all exposure times at both rates for both species. There were only 4 out of a possible 20 comparisons with a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the three rates of deltamethrin and no occasions where there is a significant difference in mortality between the two rates of β-cyfluthrin. There were three occasions where mortality of T. inclusum adults or larvae was greater than T. variabile, and one occasion with the reverse, for exposures with deltamethrin. Results show larvae of both species were more tolerant than adults of both species, and larvae could be used as an indicator stage for future studies insecticidal susceptibility of Dermestids.