Ocular conditions and dry eye due to traditional and new forms of smoking: A review

Addiction to cigarette smoking has high prevalence rates recorded worldwide. Smoking has been linked to several life-threatening systemic conditions such as cancer, heart attack and stroke, in addition to a range of ocular pathologies. In recent years, electronic cigarettes (EC) have emerged as alternatives to smoking. ECs are nicotine delivery devices which produce an aerosol by heating, rather than combusting, a liquid which contains nicotine, flavours and preservatives. This review focuses on the association of traditional and new forms of smoking with dry eye disease, contact lens wear and four other common ocular diseases: cataract, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and Graves’ ophthalmopathy. It is concluded that smoking and vaping appear as a risk factor for the aforementioned ocular conditions. An evidence-based, clear link between cigarette smoking, or EC vaping and ocular problems is yet to be discovered.     

MEG钻井液在吐哈油田小井眼侧钻井中的应用

吐哈油田小井眼开窗侧钻井主要采用混原油钻井液,不利于环境保护。从研究MEG单体的作用机理入手,以钻井液润滑性、抑制防塌性为主要评价指标,对MEG钻井液配方进行了优选,并对优选配方钻井液性能进行了评价。该钻井液在4口小井眼开窗侧钻井进行了试验应用。结果表明:应用井无阻、卡现象,平均钻井周期缩短了7.2d;在未混原油的情况下钻井液润滑系数比乳化原油(15%~20%)钻井液降低了34.6%;油层保护效果好,其中温5-41C井日产油14.4t,同比温五区块平均产量提高了128.4%,神218C井是神229区块目前唯一的自喷井。表明优选出的MEG钻井液具有优良的润滑性、抑制防塌性及良好的储层保护效果,特别适合强水敏地层及大斜度井和水平井等特殊复杂工艺井的钻进。     

套管固井质量问题及对策分析

从油田现场反应的情况出发，对调整井固井，尾管固井，大位移井套管固井和其他固井的质量问题进行了分析，针对各种问题产生的原因，提出了相应换解决办法。     

小井眼侧钻短半径水平井钻井技术

侧钻短半径水平井与常规中、长半径水平井相比较除具有提高油气采收率共性外,还具有成本低、周期短、见效快等特点。从侧钻短半径水平井施工特点、剖面设计、开窗工具及开窗方式的选择、轨迹控制、测量方式及测量工具的选择以及钻井液设计等方面对小井眼侧钻水平井技术进行了介绍,并结合实钻经验给出了各阶段相应的钻具结构和技术措施及注意事项等,采用小井眼侧钻短半径水平井钻井技术,对塔河油田奥陶系油藏进行了勘探开发并取得圆满成功,取得了较好的效果。对今后同类型井的钻井设计、施工有一定的指导和借鉴意义。     

罐装降脂减肥果茶生产工艺的研究

本文介绍了以各种中药材为主要原料 ,配以茶叶为辅料 ,运用先进的处理方法制备降脂减肥果茶的生产工艺、质量标准 ,并对确定生产工艺的几个主要问题进行了探讨     

国内外小井眼钻井设备的发展

由于小井眼钻井成本低、排出岩屑体积小，对环境污染小，近几年来在世界范围内得到了大力发展，因此，各种小井眼钻井设备应运而生。介绍了目前国外小井眼钻井设备的发展状况及特点，提出了我国发展小井眼钻井设备的建议，并给出了一种小井眼钻机的初步方案。     

基于多元质量控制限的卷烟均质化评价方法研究

为探讨多点生产卷烟产品多指标相似性评价方法,对2个卷烟品牌A（三类烟）、B（四类烟）在2009-2010年的常规质量检测数据中的三个烟气成分指标（焦油、烟气烟碱、CO）,进行相似性评价,计算其马氏相似系数和Hotelling T^2统计量．通过建立两个品牌马氏相似系数与Hotelling T^2统计量之间的曲线回归模型,确定出两个牌号各生产厂家相似性控制限的置信水平和σ倍数．结果表明：A牌号（三类烟）各生产厂家在焦油、烟气烟碱和CO三个指标上的相似性控制限置信水平为0．999999998985879,σ为6．10717174倍;B牌号（四类烟）各生产厂家在焦油、烟气烟碱和CO上的相似性控制限置信水平为0．999999999517,σ为6．224531倍．该相似性控制限的提出为多点生产卷烟产品多指标相似性评价提供方法．     

钢-混凝土组合扁梁受力性能的有限元分析

钢-混凝土组合扁梁是将钢梁内嵌于混凝土之中的新型组合梁，它能最大限度地降低结构的高度，形成类似”无梁楼盖”的结构体系，已在住宅钢结构中推广应用，其承载性能和设计方法研究引起了结构工程界的关注．本采用通用有限元程序ANSYS研究了组合扁梁的承栽力问题，通过建模计算了简支组合扁梁、悬臂组合扁梁和框架组合扁梁的承载力和变形特征，得到了相应的荷栽-位移过程曲线，并与组合扁梁的试验结果进行了比较，验证了计算结果的正确性．     

细管模拟确定混相压力影响因素评价

细管实验是确定混相压力最准确并能实现具有重复性结果的实验方法.以国内某实际油藏注CO2混相驱替为例,利用数值模拟技术,模拟不同细管长度、细管直径、细管孔隙及驱替速度等对混相压力的影响,揭示了在细管实验中不同细管参数选取给实验结果带来的影响,从而有助于很好地指导细管实验,取得符合油藏特点的混相压力.     

Describing a strategy to estimate the CO2-heavy oil minimum miscibility pressure based on the experimental methods

To measure MMP, slim tube method is time consuming, especially for heavy oils. In this study, a strategy is considered to measure the MMP in one of the Iranian heavy oil reservoirs. The strategy steps were done through; partial data of slim tube, coupling numerical model (CNM), full slim tube, and VIT test. The results showed that CNM technique with two experimental data obtains the MMP value faster than running a full slim tube with low error result. However, VIT determined MMP faster and its results illustrated that miscibility pressure for heavy oil occurs at zero IFT, unlike light oils.