Niobium-containing catalysts—the state of the art

This review article is devoted to the materials containing niobium, which have been discovered or developed in the past few years and exhibit the potential application in heterogeneous catalysis. Niobium oxides and mixed oxides as well as sulfides, nitrides (oxynitrides), carbides (oxycarbides), and phosphates are considered. Among the catalytic processes in which Nb-containing materials were tested, liquid and gas phase oxidation is described in details, and the role of niobium in the prevention of the catalyst from SO₂ poisoning is mentioned.     

显像管发射小的跟踪分析

本文对黑白显像管发射小进行了跟踪分析，认为阴极涂层脱落和管内真空度不良是导致显像管发射小的主要原因。     

In situ regeneration of the Ni-based catalytic reformer of a 5 kW PEMFC system

The paper reports the results of on-site regeneration catalytic bed of the natural gas reformer in a 5 kW PEM fuel cell system. The Ni catalyst previously poisoned by sulphur from the available natural gas, could be re-activated by injection of pure water steam, following the method developed for industrial reformers using the same metal catalyst: this method was shown to be perfectly efficient, provided no natural gas was fed during the operation. Results of the tests conducted are presented and discussed in relation to published data on S-sorption on Ni surfaces.     

Axial characterization of catalytic activity in close-coupled lightoff and underfloor catalytic converters

A exhaust system consisting of a close-coupled Pd technology 32 in³ lightoff converter and Pt/Rh technology 170 in³ underfloor converter was vehicle-aged for 56000 miles on a vehicle equipped with a 3.8 l engine. Following this aging, the converters were taken off the vehicle and cut into 1″ thick sections along their axis and characterized for lightoff and warmed-up activity using a laboratory reactor to simulate vehicle exhaust. Each section was also analyzed for the quantity of oil additive poisons (phosphorus and zinc) deposited. Following this initial characterization, the phosphorus and zinc deposits were removed, and the sections were characterized again for lightoff and warmed-up activity. This procedure was used to qualitatively determine the relative contribution of oil additive poisoning and thermal sintering to the total activity deterioration as a function of axial position in the catalyst monoliths.

Analysis of the lightoff converter as taken from the vehicle showed a dramatic axial gradient in the lean and stoichiometric lightoff and warmed-up (600°C) performance for HC, CO and NO_x, with most of the deterioration having taken place in the forward-most 1″ section of the converter, which was consistent with the gradient in the deposition of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) in this converter. Comparison of these data sets with those obtained after removal of the P and Zn poisons indicates that most of the total deterioration of lean HC and CO activity can be attributed to P and Zn poisoning of the forwardmost 1″ section. When tested under stoichiometric conditions, most of the deterioration of HC activity is attributable to P and Zn poisoning, while most of the deterioration of CO and NO_x activity is attributable to thermal deterioration. A similar activity and poison deposition gradient was detected in the underfloor converter, but to a smaller extent.     

苯甲酸加氢催化剂Pd/C抗中毒方法研究及应用

研究了苯甲酸加氢过程中Pd/C催化剂的失活原因，针对CO引起Pd/C活性降低，开发了SRNA－5助催化剂，有效消除了反应中生成的CO对Pd/C催化剂活性的影响。并在石家庄化纤公司完成了工业试验，工业试验表明，在不改变原工业流程的基础上，通过向苯甲酸加氢工业装置中加入SRNA－5助剂，有效提高Pd/C催化剂活性，该厂每年减少催化剂直接费用1500万元。     

Regeneration of S-poisoned Pd/Al2O3 and Pd/CeO2/Al2O3 catalysts for the combustion of methane

This work investigates the regeneration of S-poisoned Pd/Al₂O₃ and Pd/CeO₂/Al₂O₃ catalysts under different CH₄ containing atmospheres. Under lean combustion conditions in the presence of excess O₂, partial regeneration took place for both systems only above 750 °C after decomposition of stable sulphate species adsorbed on the support. Under alternate lean combustion/CH₄-reducing pulse regeneration is markedly anticipated down to 550–600 °C. Experiments evidenced an effective role of ceria in preventing PdO from sulphation and in promoting regeneration via sulphates decomposition under reducing conditions.     

制氢装置转化催化剂失活原因分析及对策

中石化西安分公司制氢装置转化催化剂在短期生产运行过程中,因催化剂积碳导致转化炉管表面出现大面积花斑,近半数炉管出现红管,炉管差压增大,转化出口甲烷含量超标,芳烃穿透.对催化剂失活原因进行细致分析后表明:装置开停车频繁;转化催化剂多次积碳-烧碳使催化剂表面剥蚀破碎、跑损严重为主要原因.针对失活原因制定了相应对策.     

Influence of Pt Loading on Al2O3 for the Low Temperature Combustion of Methanol with and Without a Trace Amount of Ammonia

Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts with platinum contents of 0.1, 1.0 and 3.0 wt% were used for the low temperature combustion of methanol in the absence and the respective presence of a trace amount of ammonia. It is observed that ammonia inhibits the combustion of methanol, which is due to competition between methanol and ammonia for the same sites. For a fixed space velocity and without ammonia in the gas, the performances of the catalysts increase up to a Pt loading of 1.0 wt%. In the presence of ammonia, however, no upper limit of performance is observed with increased Pt content. The results are discussed in terms of both Pt–support interface and the Pt surface being active.     

Structural changes in air aged and poisoned diesel catalysts

Laboratory-scale ageing and poisoning procedures were performed on selected diesel catalysts. The results showed that phosphorus poisoning together with high temperature ageing has a strong effect on the catalytic activity and microstructure of platinum containing catalysts. Phosphorus poisoning contaminated the catalysts resulting in phosphate formation, e.g. CePO₄ and AlPO₄. Poisoning and air ageing increased platinum particle-size and washcoat grain-size.     

PORE-MOUTH POISONING OF NON-UNIFORM CATALYSTS

Impurity poisoning of a catalyst particle having a non-uniform activity distribution is analyzed. Equations that relate the position of the poison-front with time for different activity profiles are derived. It is shown that the effect of the activity distribution on the poisoning rate is apparent in the case of intraparticle-diffusion control. The performance of a non-uniform bifunctional catalyst in such conditions is also studied.