Simon-Type Effects: Chronometric Evidence for Keypress Schemata in Typewriting.

In 4 experiments, chronometric evidence for keypress schemata in typing was sought by presenting stimuli to be typed in positions that were displaced from a central fixation point. Reaction times were shorter when stimulus positions corresponded to keyboard locations of the letters to be typed, suggesting that position was an important part of the internal representation of the response. Experiment 1 presented single letters left and right of fixation. Experiment 2 presented single letters above and below fixation. Experiment 3 presented words left and right of fixation and found evidence of parallel activation of keypress schemata. Experiment 4 found no effect of the eccentricity of the keyboard locations and responding fingers, suggesting that response-location codes are categorical, not metric. The results are consistent with D. E. Rumelhart and D. A. Norman's (1982) theory of typewriting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

打字比赛系统中字符串匹配算法

打字比赛程序,是学校为了加强学生对计算机基本技能的掌握,而开发的一款用于检验打字速度、准确率等多项指标的比赛程序．传统的字符串匹配算法是基于关键词的匹配算法,只能得到位置信息,而比赛程序是两个大文本之间进行匹配,需要获得更加详细的匹配信息,这时传统算法就无法满足要求．通过对实际问题的探索和研究,在传统算法的基础上,设计出一种新的匹配算法．这种算法可以进行两个文本之间的匹配,得到正确的内容、错误的内容等信息．应用这一算法编写软件,验证了算法的可行性和实用性．     

基于原型网络的细粒度实体分类方法

细粒度实体分类任务作为命名实体识别任务的扩展,其目的是根据指称及其上下文,发掘实体更细粒度的类别含义。由于细粒度实体语料的标注代价较大,标注错误率较高,因此该文研究了在少量样本情况下的细粒度实体分类方法。该文首先提出了一种特征提取模型,能够分别从单词层面以及字符层面提取实体信息,随后结合原型网络将多标签分类任务转化为单标签分类任务,通过缩小空间中同类样本与原型的距离实现分类。该文使用少样本学习以及零样本学习两种设置在公开数据集FIGER(GOLD)上进行了实验,在少样本学习的设置下,较基线模型在三个指标中均有提升,其中macro-F₁的提升最大,为2.4%。     

Safe model polymorphism for flexible modeling

Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) are increasingly used by domain experts to handle various concerns in systems and software development. To support this trend, the Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) community has developed advanced techniques for designing new DSLs. However, the widespread use of independently developed, and constantly evolving DSLs is hampered by the rigidity imposed to the language users by the DSLs and their tooling, e.g., for manipulating a model through various similar DSLs or successive versions of a given DSL. In this paper, we propose a disciplined approach that leverages type groups׳ polymorphism to provide an advanced type system for manipulating models, in a polymorphic way, through different DSL interfaces. A DSL interface, a.k.a. model type, specifies a set of features, or services, available on the model it types, and subtyping relations among these model types define the safe substitutions. This type system complements the Melange language workbench and is seamlessly integrated into the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF), hence providing structural interoperability and compatibility of models between EMF-based tools. We illustrate the validity and practicability of our approach by bridging safe interoperability between different semantic and syntactic variation points of a finite-state machine (FSM) language, as well as between successive versions of the Unified Modeling Language (UML).     

AGAPIA v0.1: A Programming Language for Interactive Systems and Its Typing System

A model (consisting of rv-systems), a core programming language (for developing rv-programs), several specification and analysis techniques appropriate for modeling, programming and reasoning about interactive computing systems have been recently introduced by Stefanescu using register machines and space-time duality, see [Stefanescu, G. Interactive systems with registers and voices. Fundamenta Informaticae 73 (2006), 285–306. (Early draft, School of Computing, National University of Singapore, July 2004.)]. After that, Dragoi and Stefanescu have developed structured programming techniques for rv-systems and their verification, see, e.g., [Dragoi, C., and G. Stefanescu. Structured programming for interactive rv-systems. Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy, IMAR Preprint 9/2006, Bucharest 2006. Dragoi, C., and G. Stefanescu. Towards a Hoare-like logic for structured rv-programs. Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy, IMAR Preprint 10/2006, Bucharest, 2006. Dragoi, C., and G. Stefanescu. Implementation and verification of ring termination detection protocols using structured rv-programs. Annals of University of Bucharest, Mathematics-Informatics Series, 55 (2006), 129–138. Dragoi, C., and G. Stefanescu. Structured interactive programs with registers and voices and their verification. Draft, Bucharest, January 2007. Dragoi, C., and G. Stefanescu. On compiling structured interactive programs with registers and voices. In: “Proc. SOFSEM 2008,” 259–270. LNCS 4910, Springer, 2008.].In the present paper a kernel programming language AGAPIA v0.1 for interactive systems is introduced. The language contains definitions for complex spatial and temporal data, arithmetic and boolean expressions, modules, and while-programming statements with their temporal, spatial, and spatio-temporal versions. In AGAPIA v0.1 one can write programs for open processes located at various sites and having their temporal windows of adequate reaction to the environment. The main technical part of the paper describes a typing system for AGAPIA v0.1 programs.     

Links Between Sex-Typed Time Use in Middle Childhood and Gender Development in Early Adolescence.

The authors studied sex-typing in the kinds (e.g., sports, handicrafts) and social contexts (same- vs. other-sex companions) of children's free time activities, and the links between sex-typed activities and gender development over 2 years. Participants were 200 White, working- and middle-class children (103 girls, 97 boys; mean age = 10.86 years). In annual home interviews, children rated their self-esteem, gender role attitudes and sex-typed personality qualities, academic interests, and school grades. During 7 nightly phone interviews each year, children reported on their activities. Boys were more sex-typed than girls in their peer activities, and children were least sex-typed in their activities with siblings. Sex-typed activities in middle childhood predicted individual differences in gender development in early adolescence (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Short communication: Identification of variation in the ovine prolactin gene of Chios sheep with a cost-effective sequence-based typing assay

The present study identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the coding and untranslated regions of the ovine prolactin gene of Chios sheep. By developing a cost-effective direct sequence-based typing assay, around 600 bp of reliable sequencing data and clear identification of heterozygous positions was achieved. Five SNP were found, located in exons 2 (KC764410:g.567G>A, g.625C>T, g.683C>A) and 3 (KC764410:g.2015C>A, g.2101G>A), whereas the remaining exons were monomorphic. The identified SNP were synonymous, with the exception of the g.567G>A SNP, which results in an Arg to His amino acid change. As the sequencing cost of the sequence-based typing assay was 20 orders of magnitude lower compared with a standard Sanger method, the assay was also used as a genotyping tool. The identified polymorphism was genotyped for 247 ewes and was subsequently used in mixed model association analyses of milk yield, milk fat content, and litter size at birth. The association analysis revealed a significant dominance effect of 0.17 ± 0.07 of the g.2015C>A SNP on milk fat percentage, whereas a dominance effect of ?21.33 ± 10.51 of the same SNP on total lactation milk yield was also estimated. The g.2015C>A SNP explained 2.47 and 3.68% of the total phenotypic variance of milk yield and milk fat percentage, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for the animal variance were 7.14 and 11.75%. A suggestive association of the nonsynonymous g.567G>A SNP with litter size at birth was also detected.     

Prevalence and diversity of Wolbachia bacteria infecting insect pests of stored products

Wolbachia are common bacterial symbionts of insects. Because infections of these bacteria can alter the reproduction and biology of the host, there is interest in the potential use of Wolbachia to control populations of pest species. To advance this research, we screened 38 species (88 populations from 16 countries) of stored-product insect pests for Wolbachia infections. Infections were detected in nine species of Coleoptera (Anobiidae – Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius), Stegobium paniceum (Linnaeus); Curculionidae – Sitophilus oryzae (Motschulsky), Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky; Dermestidae – Attagenus unicolor (Brahm), Dermestes lardarius Linnaeus; Silvanidae – Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus); Tenebrionidae – Tribolium confusum Jaquelin Du Val), one species of Hymenoptera (Trichogrammatidae – Trichogramma deion Pinto & Oatman), and one species of Lepidoptera (Pyralidae – Ephestia kuehniella Zeller). Phylogenetic analyses based on wsp gene sequences identified all Wolbachia isolates as members of Supergroups A or B. Additional sequences for the genes gatB, coxA, hcpA, fbpA and ftsZ were obtained for use in multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to identify the sequence types to which the isolates belonged. Our results identify five new Wolbachia-insect associations and support previous findings that infections of Wolbachia in stored-product insect pests are members of Supergroups A or B.     

Reactions,accuracy and response complexity of numerical typing on touch screens

Touch screens are popular nowadays as seen on public kiosks, industrial control panels and personal mobile devices. Numerical typing is one frequent task performed on touch screens, but this task on touch screen is subject to human errors and slow responses. This study aims to find innate differences of touch screens from standard physical keypads in the context of numerical typing by eliminating confounding issues. Effects of precise visual feedback and urgency of numerical typing were also investigated. The results showed that touch screens were as accurate as physical keyboards, but reactions were indeed executed slowly on touch screens as signified by both pre-motor reaction time and reaction time. Provision of precise visual feedback caused more errors, and the interaction between devices and urgency was not found on reaction time. To improve usability of touch screens, designers should focus more on reducing response complexity and be cautious about the use of visual feedback.

Practitioner Summary: The study revealed that slower responses on touch screens involved more complex human cognition to formulate motor responses. Attention should be given to designing precise visual feedback appropriately so that distractions or visual resource competitions can be avoided to improve human performance on touch screens.