Interactive tree modeling and deformation with collision detection and avoidance

We present an interactive tree modeling and deformation system that supports an efficient collision detection and avoidance using a bounding volume hierarchy of sweep surfaces. Starting with conventional tree models (given as meshes), we convert them into sweep surfaces and deform their branches interactively while detecting and avoiding collisions with many other branches. Multiple tree models (sharing the same topology) can be generated with great ease using this sweep‐based approach, and they can serve as a basis for the generation of a multiparameter family of trees. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in an automatic generation of similar trees, the colonization of trees to form a forest, and the tree growth, aging, and withering simulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variations of the chemical composition of clonal black tea (Camellia sinensis) due to delayed withering

The chemical composition of black teas (Camellia sinensis L) varies when the green leaf from which they are manufactured is withered physically to the same degree but for different periods. Caffeine contents progressively increase with prolonged withering time whereas theaflavins decrease due to prolonged withering. Although the sums of group I and group II volatile flavour compounds (VFC) decrease with prolonged withering time, the flavour index (expressed as group II VFC/group I VFC) increases due to prolonged withering. No significant changes were noted in the thearubigin levels with variation in withering time, but the tasters' evaluations were at a maximum for teas withered for 14 h. Subsequently the evaluation decreased with longer withering times.     

不同萎凋工艺云南红茶的香气差异分析

该研究以云南大叶种鲜叶为材料,运用感官审评和电子鼻技术对7种不同萎凋工艺云南红茶的香气特征和成分进行分析。电子鼻分析表明：在主成分分析（PCA）中,干茶香气总贡献率为98.423%、茶汤香气总贡献率为99.948%、叶底香气总贡献率为99.948%,且干茶香气较茶汤香气和叶底香气更能够较好地区分不同萎凋工艺的云南红茶;在传感器区分贡献率分析（Loadings）中,W1S（甲基类）、W1C（芳香成分、苯类）、W2S（醇类、醛酮类）和W5S（氮氧化合物）在红茶香气区分中起主要作用,其可能是影响不同萎凋工艺制成云南红茶香气差异的主体成分。感官审评结果显示WM7[室内自然萎凋,24 h,（17±2）℃,相对湿度70%±5%,摊叶厚度2 cm]制作成的大叶种云南红茶,汤色橙红明亮,香气甜香浓郁,滋味醇厚有花果香,综合感官品质最好。     

Seasonal variations in theaflavins,thearubigins, total colour and brightness of Kangra orthodox tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O Kuntze) in Himachal Pradesh

Variations in theaflavins, thearubigins, total colour and brightness of orthodox black tea were studied for four consecutive years (1993–1996) with a view to evaluating the effects of changing weather conditions on the quality of Kangra tea. A degree of withering of 600–650 mg g⁻¹ during the first, second and fourth seasons was optimal for the development of significantly higher brightness and total colour characteristics. The quality of rainy season teas suffered owing to high chlorophyll content and low degree of withering. Hot air circulation through the withering troughs to assist evaporation of leaf moisture increased the brightness and total colour of rainy season teas. High atmospheric demand during the dry season assisted loss of green leaf moisture, but withering and brightness exhibited significant negative correlations with high relative humidity and rainfall. Summer season teas were superior in their total colour and brightness. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

制茶工艺对白茶品质影响研究进展

白茶加工过程中发生一系列物理化学反应,使得茶叶内部多种生化成分进行交叉转化,形成了独特品质。萎凋作为白茶加工形成的关键工序,对于白茶品质的影响尤为明显。文章综述了近年来制茶工艺影响白茶品质研究现状,分析了萎凋方式和萎凋条件对白茶品质的影响,描述了萎凋过程白茶的外形变化及茶多酚、氨基酸、可溶性糖、咖啡碱、叶绿素、香气物质等生化成分的动态变化规律与白茶品质的关系,分析了揉捻和干燥工序中生化成分变化及其对白茶品质的影响,以期实现白茶加工的精准调控,为生产中提升白茶品质提供借鉴。     

Effects of withering on the main physical properties of withered tea leaves and the sensory quality of congou black tea

To explore the relationship between the moisture content of withered tea leaves and their physical properties (i.e., elasticity, plasticity, flexibility, and texture) during withering, texture analyzer was employed to test the elasticity and flexibility of withered tea leaves with different moisture contents. The texture was evaluated by computer vision technology. The withered tea leaves with different moisture contents were used to process congou black tea, which was then subjected to sensory evaluation. Results showed that good elasticity, optimal flexibility, and plasticity were achieved when the moisture content of the withered tea leaves of Fudingdabai comprising two leaves and one bud varied arranging from 65.51 to 61.48%. The sensory evaluation of congou black tea revealed that moderate withering was better than long-term withering and that both moderate and long-term withering were better than no withering during processing. The moisture content was significantly correlated with the flexibility and plasticity of the withered tea leaves. Fresh tea leaves undergoing moderate withering with moisture content of 65.51–61.48% to process congou black tea, good tea shape and liquor color were achieved. This study provided new evidence that the moisture content of withered tea leaves significantly affected the quality of black tea.     

体外培养猪COCs影响因素的研究

作者以Hoechst33342-PI荧光染色法检测卵丘细胞凋亡/坏死,研究猪COCs体外成熟过程中卵泡直径、卵丘细胞扩展、COCs培养前评分、激素等因素对猪COCs的卵丘细胞及卵母细胞的影响。结果表明:猪COCs卵丘细胞凋亡/坏死与卵泡直径相关,组间差异显著(P0.05),卵泡直径影响卵母细胞成熟率,组间差异极显著(P0.01);随着培养前猪COCs评分的降低,卵丘细胞凋亡率升高,卵母细胞成熟率有下降趋势,且差异显著(P0.05);培养后卵丘细胞扩展良好的卵丘细胞的凋亡率相对较高,但差异不显著(P0.05),卵丘细胞的扩展程度对卵母细胞成熟率影响不显著(P0.05)。体外成熟培养液中添加生长激素可以抑制卵丘细胞凋亡并提高卵母细胞发育能力(P0.05)。卵泡直径,COCs培养前评分,激素影响COCs猪卵丘细胞凋亡与卵母细胞成熟。     

Novel insights into the effect of withering degree on Dianhong Congou black tea quality

Withering degrees (mild, appropriate and severe) have an important effect on the quality of Dianhong Congou black tea. In this study, appropriate withering (AW) promoted the conversion of catechins, yielding theaflavins (TFs) and thearubigins (TRs). This withering degree also resulted in the degradation of flavonoid glycosides, and the formation and conversion of soluble sugars and high-boiling volatile compounds. The objective colour attributes were significantly higher under AW conditions, in addition to the best sensory qualities, including umami and sweetness flavours. Moreover, nine key non-volatile compounds (TRs, theabrownins (TBs), fructose, etc.) and seven key volatile components (benzaldehyde, trans-β-Ionone, methyl salicylate, etc.) were determined. This research provides theoretical support for in-depth exploration of the formation mechanism of Dianhong Congou black tea.