大方坯连铸机离线检修设备对中台的改进与完善

介绍了大方坯连铸机离线设备对中台及样规的改进方案.改进后,大大缩短了设备检修时间,降低了工人的劳动强度.     

Two dimensional deformation characteristics of bloom CC with liquid core reduction

A two-dimensional model was applied to simulate the liquid core reduction(LCR) technology of bloom CC using ANSYS software.The deformation characteristics of bloom under different liquid fraction and reducing amount are obtained.The results indicate that the main deformation condition of bloom shell is compressive strain,mainly undertaken by the liquid core,which increases with the enhancement of reducing amount.Solidified shell takes minor deformation.The longitudinal section of bloom appears sunken and the narrow side bulges,which grow serious when the liquid fractionincreases.     

基于15N质量平衡法研究养殖消化废水中氨氮的去除机理

为避免养猪场消化废水对环境造成的污染,利用微藻去除消化废水中营养物质的二次处理方法受到了广泛关注。采用¹⁵N质量平衡法研究了鞘藻去除氨氮的主要机理,重点研究了鞘藻生长与氨氮去除的关系以及氨氮去除的主要途径。经高压灭菌后的消化废水在鞘藻培养期的氨氮去除率为96.2%,鞘藻特定生长率为0.04~0.15;稀释后的原消化废水氨氮的去除率为94.1%,鞘藻特定生长率为-0.14~0.13。通过曝气的汽提效应对氨的去除有显著的促进作用,尤其在高pH值试验条件下更有利于脱氨。¹⁵N同位素质量平衡分析表明,原始消化废水中存在的细菌对氨氮的去除影响小,在鞘藻培养期去除原消化废水中氨氮的主要途径是鞘藻的吸收和气体的损失,分别占总氮量的40.97%和32.59%。氨氮的去除与主要影响因素间的回归和通径分析表明,要提高氨氮去除率,需要提高鞘藻Chl-a含量和DO浓度,同时限制或保持pH值在弱碱性状态。     

Fertilizers and eutrophication in southwestern Australia: Setting the scene

An excess of plant nutrients has caused serious eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems of southwestern Australia manifested by excessive growth and accumulation of green and bluegreen algae. Phosphorus is generally the limiting nutrient for algal growth and phosphatic fertilizers applied to nutrient-deficient, leaching, sandy soils are the main source of P, supplemented by rural industry point sources. Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient in marine embayments with little drainage from the land. Measures to reduce the load of P delivered to drainage include basing fertilizer application rates on soil testing for P and the use of less soluble P fertilizers. Catchment management plans are being implemented with community involvement to reduce P loads and maintain agricultural production. This introductory paper reviews the history of eutrophication in southwestern Australia and of studies into its causes, principally in the large Peel-Harvey estuary. It briefly summarises other papers in this special issue concerned with different aspects of the problem: how to fertilize the land without causing eutrophication.     

基于动态朴素贝叶斯分类器的明渠水华风险评估模型

水华风险不仅是水利工程规划时需要考虑的环境问题,也是水利设施运营时不能忽视的监测项目。为了提高明渠水化风险等级预测的准确率,针对水华成因的不确定性和发展的时序性,基于动态朴素贝叶斯网络分类器提出一种应用于明渠的水华风险评估模型。模型用水华风险等级结点对应藻叶绿素a(Chla)的浓度,并考虑了9项影响水藻生长的因素。采用主成分分析法,处理专家咨询结果,进行参数的设计。在苏州河道北门桥2011年6月初至9月初观测的53例连续监测数据上,与基于朴素贝叶斯网络分类器的评估模型进行比较实验。混淆矩阵显示对中等风险情况的预测识别率提高了15.625%,单尾配对t检验表明在显著性水平0.05时,两模型预测识别率差异显著。考虑了时序特征的基于动态贝叶斯网络分类器的评估模型对明渠中等水化风险的预测识别率提高显著。     

三峡水库香溪河库湾水华水动力调控初步研究

针对三峡水库蓄水运行后支流库湾春季水华频现问题,利用CE-QUAL-W2模型建立了香溪河-三峡库区整体立面二维水动力数学模型,对三峡水电站不同开机数量和春季不同水文条件下的香溪河库湾流速进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明:香溪河上游来流量较小时,滞留区表层流速小于香溪河库湾水华的临界流速0.05 m/s;而香溪河上游来流量增大到合适的值时,香溪河滞留区表层流速可大于0.05 m/s;仅利用三峡电站小幅度日调节对支流库湾流速的改善效果十分有限,而利用干支流水库对香溪河库湾流速的联合调控效果明显,可控制三峡水库香溪河库湾水华爆发。     

A comprehensive approach to evaluating watershed models for predicting river flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services

Selection of strategies that help reduce riverine inputs requires numerical models that accurately quantify hydrologic processes. While numerous models exist, information on how to evaluate and select the most robust models is limited. Toward this end, we developed a comprehensive approach that helps evaluate watershed models in their ability to simulate flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services. We demonstrated the method using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), the Hydrological Simulation Program–FORTRAN (HSPF) model, and Distributed Large Basin Runoff Model (DLBRM) applied to the Maumee River Basin (USA). The approach helped in identifying that each model simulated flows within acceptable ranges. However, each was limited in its ability to simulate flows triggered by extreme weather events, owing to algorithms not being optimized for such events and mismatched physiographic watershed conditions. Ultimately, we found HSPF to best predict river flow, whereas SWAT offered the most flexibility for evaluating agricultural management practices.     

不同预氧化剂对铜绿微囊藻细胞的灭活

为比较不同预氧化剂对藻细胞的处理效果及其机理,在高锰酸钾灭活藻细胞研究的基础上,采用次氯酸钠与臭氧对铜绿微囊藻进行灭活实验.结果表明:次氯酸钠和臭氧对藻类的灭活反应均符合二级动力学模型;次氯酸钠较易引起铜绿微囊藻细胞萎缩破裂,从而导致细胞内代谢有机质的释放,对藻细胞的灭活动力学常数为(220±3)L·mol-1·s-1,不同初始次氯酸钠浓度对动力学常数无明显影响;臭氧对于铜绿微囊藻细胞有极强的氧化作用,细胞灭活速率常数达(2 655±15)L·mol-1·s-1,能迅速引起藻细胞破裂及胞内代谢有机质的释放,不同初始臭氧浓度对动力学常数无明显影响.3种氧化剂对铜绿微囊藻细胞的灭活速率由大到小依次为:臭氧次氯酸钠高锰酸钾.电镜扫描结果显示,臭氧与次氯酸钠在氧化过程中比高锰酸钾更易引起藻细胞破裂及IOM的释放.     

Fat Bloom Caused by Partial De-Oiling on Chocolate Surfaces after High-Temperature Exposure

Fat bloom in chocolate is a substantial problem that affects its sensory properties, such as texture and appearance. This phenomenon is because of diffuse light reflection on a roughened surface of chocolate, caused by structural changes of fat crystals subjected to various temperature conditions. The purpose of this study is to characterize the fat bloom formed through gradual two-step cooling after exposure to temperatures (35–37 °C) slightly above the cocoa butter Form βV melting point (33.8 °C). To clarify the fat bloom formation process, the structural changes in cocoa butter and on the chocolate surface, at the dynamic thermal condition for bloom formation, was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), fluorescence light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that an entirely light brown fat bloom occurred, even in the absence of the Form βVI or other polymorphic transformation. Microscopic observation showed that the light brown appearance was because of the porous structure on the chocolate surface. This porous structure was formed by liquid oil moving inside of chocolate from the surface. The formation of a coarse network and the subsequent de-oiling, because of movement of unsolidified liquid fat into the chocolate, appeared to be the main causes of bloom formation. Therefore, a coarsened fat network and oil movement besides the conventional principles of polymorphic transformation of cocoa butter should be considered.     

连铸管坯裂纹在加热穿孔过程中的变化

研究了连铸管坯表面不同深度裂纹在加热穿孔过程中的变化。结果表明，在连铸管坯内部质量良好时，剥皮能显著改善穿孔毛管表面质量；加热穿孔可以消除或减少管坯表面的微裂纹；管坯表面较深的裂纹穿孔后将在毛管表面以外折的形式出现。