有植被的河道水流紊动特性模型试验研究

通过物理模型试验,研究了有植被的河道水流紊动特性.试验结果表明,在复式断面河道滩地种植柔性植被后,滩地糙率增大,水流紊动更为剧烈,河道水流紊动强度峰值由原先的滩槽交界区转移到滩地区.滩地的水流紊动强度沿程递减;滩槽交界区的水流紊动强度沿程不断增大;主槽的水流紊动强度主要与床面糙率有关,滩地植被影响了滩地水流的归槽时间,使主槽水流流速沿程增大.     

黄河下游滩区居民心理研究的启示与建议

黄河下游滩区居民因特殊自然环境而形成了特定的心理活动、心理需求，这既影响到他们的生产与生活．又对政府在滩区的有关政策产生或积极或消极的影响。国家制定和实施滩区政策时，应根据滩区居民的心理需要．树立“以人为本，，的观念，在洪水淹没补偿、村台建设与搬迁、基层组织建设、外迁政策的落实等方面切实解决滩区居民的具体困难，并采取一系列综合措施促进滩区社会经济健康发展及人与自然的和谐。     

河道漫滩及湿地上淹没柔性植物水流的紊流特性

植物在河流生态的修复中起重要作用,因此对含植物明渠水流的紊流机理的研究显得非常重要。将河漫滩及湿地中含淹没柔性植物的水流视为充分发展了的紊流,在实验室中用特定材料模拟柔性植物,通过水槽试验用三维ADV对淹没柔性植物段紊流特性进行了测量研究,对试验结果计算分析表明含淹没柔性植物的垂向流速分布不再符合指数分布;其紊流具有明显的各向异性特性;植物冠层交界处,水流紊动交换强烈,该处紊流强度及雷诺应力出现最大值。     

Valley floor landscape change following almost 100 years of flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel‐bed river

Critical to restoring the nature conservation value of many river corridors is an understanding of how alluvial landscapes will respond to cessation of river management and land use practices that have previously degraded the environment. This paper analyses changes in valley floor landforms and vegetation patch dynamics, in relation to fluvial disturbance, over a period of almost 100 years following flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel‐bed river, namely the River Tummel, Scotland. Such rivers were once typical of many draining upland areas of northern maritime Europe. Prior to abandonment the valley floor landscape was agriculturally dominated and the river for the most part was single thread confined between flood embankments. The pattern of landform change and vegetation patch development over time following a decision in 1903 not to maintain embankments was tracked by geomorphic and land cover mapping utilizing successive sets of aerial photography for the period 1946 to 1994. A historical context for these changes was also feasible because the channel planform in 1900 and earlier channel planform changes dating back to 1753 were known due to the availability of old maps and earlier geomorphic studies. The land cover mapping was validated by comparison of results produced from the interpretation work on the 1994 aerial photographs with the field‐based UK National Vegetation Classification protocol. The findings of the study illustrate that bordering the River Tummel fluvial landforms and vegetation patch mosaics, presumably resembling those that occurred before valley floor land use intensification, evolved in less than 50 years after flood embankment abandonment with a resultant increase in habitat diversity. The change relates primarily to flood‐induced channel planform change and moderate levels of fluvial disturbance. The general significance of this change to plant species diversity on the valley floor of the River Tummel and elsewhere is discussed as is possible implications of the upstream impoundment and scenarios for climatically induced changes in flood frequency and magnitude. The overall outcome is the strong possibility that simple changes in river management and land use practices could result in re‐establishment of the nature conservation value of similar river corridors in Europe over the medium term without active restoration efforts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Applicability of the flood‐pulse concept in a temperate floodplain river ecosystem: thermal and temporal components

Annual growth increments were calculated for blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) and flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) from the lower Mississippi River (LMR) to assess hypothesized relationships between fish growth and floodplain inundation as predicted by the Flood‐Pulse Concept. Variation in catfish growth increment was high for all age classes of both species, and growth increments were not consistently related to various measures of floodplain inundation. However, relationships became stronger, and usually direct, when water temperature was integrated with area and duration of floodplain inundation. Relationships were significant for four of six age classes for blue catfish, a species known to utilize floodplain habitats. Though similar in direction, relationships were weaker for flathead catfish, which is considered a more riverine species. Our results indicate the Flood‐Pulse Concept applies more strongly to temperate floodplain‐river ecosystems when thermal aspects of flood pulses are considered. We recommend that future management of the LMR should consider ways to ‘recouple’ the annual flood and thermal cycles. An adaptive management approach will allow further determination of important processes affecting fisheries production in the LMR. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河下游高含沙洪水河床形态及调控指标

利用水库调控高含沙洪水是维持黄河下游主槽不萎缩的重要途径。基于黄河下游实测高含沙洪水冲淤特性的分析,按流量大小对高含沙洪水进行了分类,提出了黄河下游高含沙洪水的分类调控思路及相应的调控指标。大漫滩高含沙洪水,在满足黄河下游防洪要求的前提下,控制洪峰流量大于1.5倍的平滩流量,来沙系数在0.012~0.04 kg·s/m~6范围内。一般高含沙洪水,控制黄河下游洪水流量接近平滩流量,并尽可能控制来沙系数在临界值附近。高含沙小洪水,控制黄河下游洪水流量在2 500 m~3/s以下,洪水沙量小于2亿t。高含沙洪水经过分类调控后,可较大限度地利用滩地淤沙、主槽输沙能力排沙及花园口以上较大的主槽库容滞沙,维持或提高黄河下游主槽过流能力。     

黄泛平原古城“环城湖”与城市防洪减灾

以黄泛平原为研究背景,以该地城内形态相似的“环城湖”为研究对象,通过对其构成要素、历史成因、演变过程、空间格局等方面的研究,探讨了“环城湖”在黄河洪水与泥沙作用下的生成机制与演变规律.认为:古城“环城湖”是特定自然条件下黄河泛滥引起生态环境改变与古代城市营建模式共同作用的结果,在古城营建过程中承担着泄洪、排涝等防洪减灾功能,并在当今城市建设中仍发挥着重要作用;只有充分了解古城“环城湖”的形成过程与演变机制,才能重新认识和定位“环城湖”的当代价值,从本质上把握古城“环城湖”的特色与精华.     

复式断面漫滩水流滩槽分流比研究

在已有研究的基础上,定量分析了津槽分流与水深比、糙率比、河宽比的相互关系,并根据分析结果,综合考虑影响滩槽流量的主要因素和滩槽间的交互作用,构造了概化断面的潍槽流量比的计算结构式.最后采用滩、槽分流比的实测资料对该式进行验证.结果表明,该公式计算的滩槽分流比与实测值较为接近,可供相关工作者参考.     

不同水沙条件下弯道河床冲淤与漫滩洪水特性研究

我国西南山区山洪灾害频发,严重威胁山区社会发展和人民生命财产安全。由于地形限制,山区常见弯曲河道,而弯曲段时常发生山洪灾害。以往弯曲河道水沙运动及河床演变的研究成果难以有效识别弯曲河道漫滩洪水下凹岸易灾区域范围。基于四川省芦山县王家村弯曲河道漫滩洪水灾害的现场观测,本文设计了弯曲水槽模型,测量了不同水沙条件下弯道水面超高、河床地形、凹岸水位和滩槽纵向流速,探讨了漫滩洪水的致灾机制,识别了漫滩洪水下弯曲河道易灾区范围。结果表明,上游流量是弯道漫滩洪水致灾的关键因素,而上游泥沙补给是次要因素。弯道水面超高随泥沙补给增加而增大,经对比计算,兰运长等的率定参数能较好预测河床冲淤稳定的弯道水面超高。水流不漫滩时,泥沙补给仅造成弯道凸岸轻微淤积,对弯道凹岸水位提升的影响很小。洪水漫滩后,上游流量增大造成凹岸水位和滩地流速显著增加。随着泥沙补给不断增大,弯曲主河道河床整体淤积,但淤积对水位和滩地流速的影响较小。30-60°断面区域是90°弯曲河道的易灾区范围,这是因为该区域内的滩地流速大于主河道流速和上游来流流速,滩地最大流速出现在弯道50°断面,其值可达上游来流流速的1.3倍。从水动力学角度分析,洪水漫滩时,滩地流速显著增大是王家村弯曲河段弯顶附近滩地成灾的原因。     

ESTIMATION OF JUVENILE SALMON HABITAT IN PACIFIC RIM RIVERS USING MULTISCALAR REMOTE SENSING AND GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS

We conducted a regional classification and analysis of riverine floodplain physical features that represent key attributes of salmon rearing habitats. Riverine habitat classifications, including floodplain area and river channel complexity, were derived at moderate (30 m) spatial resolution using multispectral Landsat imagery and global terrain data (90 m) encompassing over 3 400 000 km² and most North Pacific Rim (NPR) salmon rivers. Similar classifications were derived using finer scale (i.e. ≤ 2.4‐m resolution) remote sensing data over a smaller set of 31 regionally representative flood plains. A suite of physical habitat metrics (e.g. channel sinuosity, nodes, floodplain width) were derived from each dataset and used to assess the congruence between similar habitat features at the different spatial scales and to evaluate the utility of moderate scale geospatial data for determining abundance of selected juvenile salmon habitats relative to fine scale remote sensing measurements. The resulting habitat metrics corresponded favorably (p < 0.0001) between the moderate scale and the fine scale floodplain classifications; a subset of these metrics (channel nodes and maximum floodplain width) also were strong indicators (R² > 0.5, p < 0.0001) of floodplain habitats defined from the finer scale analysis. These relationships were used to estimate the abundance and distribution of three critical shallow water floodplain habitats for juvenile salmon (parafluvial and orthofluvial springs, and shallow shore) across the entire NPR domain. The resulting database provides a potential tool to evaluate and prioritize salmon conservation efforts both within individual river systems and across major catchments on the basis of physical habitat distribution and abundance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.