Simulation of Climate Change Effects on Hydropower Operations in Mountain Headwater Lakes,New Zealand

Future climate change is expected to have wide ranging impacts on the hydrology of mountain rivers because of changes in the magnitudes and timing of rain and snow, as well as the significant spatial variability of topography and other catchment characteristics. In New Zealand, hydropower generation in mountain basins is the primary source of electricity and renewable energy resource in the country. The goal of this study was to simulate and evaluate the potential effects of climate change on hydropower operations in three mountain headwater lakes (lakes Pukaki, Tekapo, and Ohau) in the Upper Waitaki Basin of the central South Island. The TopNet hydrological model was used to estimate catchment runoff and lake inflows based on the 1990s (baseline), 2040s, and 2090s periods. Average temperature and precipitation results from an ensemble of 12 Global Circulation Models based on the IPCC 4th Assessment Report A1B emissions scenario were used as input to TopNet. Linked hydropower lake water balance models were developed and used to simulate hydropower operations including discharge, hydroelectric power generation, and spill based on TopNet future inflow predictions, projected electricity demand, and lake storage and outflow characteristics. Our results indicate that annual lake inflows increase under future climate scenarios, but that there are seasonal effects with increasing flows in winter and early spring, and summer flows decreasing somewhat as a result of increasing temperatures and greater winter rain with less snow. Although overall hydropower generation can increase with the increasing flows and projected electricity demand, the seasonal changes result in demand being met in winter and spring with potential shortfalls in summer and autumn. Maximum annual generation can be achieved for some generating stations, but generation will decrease at other stations and more spill will likely be required through the 2090s because of the seasonal changes. Therefore flood and drought risk could also increase for downstream areas. Results also indicate that by the 2090s electricity demand could exceed generation capacity for these headwater lakes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

枣庄城市复杂多水源供水优化配置模型

探讨了北方地区缺水城市枣庄 ,在水库、地下水源地、处理回用水、外地区调水等复杂水资源系统下的优化供水模型 .针对多水源、多用户的特点 ,从社会、经济、生态综合效益考虑 ,建立水资源优化配置模型 ,寻求资源开发最佳组合 ,以充分利用水资源 ,获取资源的最大利用效益 .     

三江源典型地区1967—2019年降水时空演变特征

全球变暖给青藏高原三江源地区的降水时空演变带来极大不确定性,为积极应对气候变化,有必要对该地区降水时空演变特征进行分析.果洛州是三江源典型地区之一,依据果洛州境内玛多、达日和班玛3个代表站点1967—2019年的降水观测资料,利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、R/S分析法、滑动平均差检测法、Mann-Kendal...     

关角隧道施工涌水对居民饮用水源的影响分析

分析了关角隧道施工涌水对居民饮用水源的影响，分析结果表明，关角隧道主洞穿越和斜井开挖不同含水层的影响半径小于切格日曲地表水源头与隧道主洞的最小垂直距离，隧道施工不会对切格日曲基流量产生影响。     

三江源区岩体冻融风化特征及影响主因分析

为探索三江源区岩体冻融风化特征及规律,明确主控因子对岩体冻融损伤裂化过程的影响,在野外科学考察基础上,结合航拍影像,通过开展岩石切片观察和岩石物理指标测试,总结了源区岩体冻融风化特征,归纳了岩体冻融破坏过程,分析了主控因子对岩体冻融损伤劣化过程的影响,得出以下结论①岩体冻融风化强度具有垂直分带性、纬度坡降性和水平方向性3个基本特征;②岩体呈明显的“立体状”冻融风化特点,且不同岩性岩体冻融风化所产生的碎屑坡形态和碎屑形态差异明显;③岩性对岩体抗冻融风化性起着至关重要的作用,孔隙和孔隙水是影响岩体冻融风化过程的2个基本条件,而冻融循环次数则对岩体冻融损伤劣化过程起着决定性作用。     

利用改进的CASA模型分析三江源区净植被生产力

利用改进CASA模型计算了三江源地区植被净初级生产力(NPP).NPP值在区域上呈现由东南向西北递减的趋势,黄河源区东南部地区的植被NPP值较高,而长江源西北部的植被生长稀疏;2004—2008年三江源区NPP值呈略下降趋势,2006年该区植被的NPP年总量最大为62.93Tg·a-1,2005年NPP总量最小为60.9Tg·a-1;从季节分布来看,NPP值从5月开始增加,到7月达到最大,随后又逐渐降低.三江源地区草甸植被NPP值最大为188.95g·m-2·a-1;高寒草原为129.41g·m-2·a-1.其中,草原植被受气候年际变化影响相对较大,高寒草原年际变化表现为2004—2006持续上升.NPP的波动主要是由于该地区的温度、年降水量以及年太阳总辐射量等因素的变化造成的.在海拔较高的地区,温度与NPP的呈极显著相关,相关系数为0.8,而降水量与NPP的相关系数为0.7.     

长江源区近32年径流变化及影响因素分析

以长江源区控制站直门达1978-2009 年实测径流量序列为基础,运用 Mann-Kendall 趋势分析法和滑动 T 检验方法,对径流量的趋势变化和突变进行了详细分析,并对其影响因素降水、气温和下垫面条件等进行了分析。结果表明 : 长江源区近 32 年来年径流量总体呈现增加态势,但趋势不显著,年径流序列 2004 年前后发生突变;长江源区降水序列在 2002 年前后发生突变,气温序列呈显著增加趋势,长江源区降水增加和冰雪消融是长江源区径流增加的主要原因。     

山东省徒骇河水污染分析及防治措施

针对徒骇河水污染问题,提出对徒骇河水资源进行污染治理,水闸防污,建立定时排放制度等具体保护措施,从而确保农业灌溉用水和生活用水质量,促进国民经济健康发展。     

Environmental variables and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage in the headwater streams of an Afro‐tropical reservoir

The assemblage of benthic macroinvertebrates in relation to some selected environmental variables of the two headwater streams of Aiba Reservoir was studied from May 2013 to March 2014. This was with a view to assessing the health status and water quality of the streams, and comparing their taxa richness with similar studies on the reservoir and its out‐flowing stream. A total of 23 taxa were recorded in the study. and showed indirect relationships (P < 0.05) with bioindicators of good water quality, while dissolved oxygen (DO) showed indirect relationship (P < 0.05) with bioindicators of poor water quality. The streams were of poor biological water quality, and diversity indices revealed that they were polluted and unstable in habitat structure. Anthropogenic impacts at the upper reaches need to be mitigated and regular biomonitoring of the streams is of the essence, in order to conserve the integrity of the downstream reservoir.     

石家庄市地表水源地环境保护实践与探索

随着社会经济的高速发展,用水与资源性缺水的矛盾越来越突出,中国水环境面临的3个严重问题是:水体污染、水资源短缺和洪涝灾害。如何从源头抓污染,地表水源地环境保护与生态治理显得尤为迫切。