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A kinetic model for simulation of the MTO process over SAPO-18 catalyst in a wide range of operating conditions has been proposed. The kinetic model predicts the experimental evolution of reaction products with time on stream, which follows three consecutive periods: initiation (where olefin production increases), a period of maximum olefin production and a period in which this production decreases. The kinetic scheme takes into account these three steps that evolve with time on stream: formation of active intermediate compounds, an step where olefins are formed by reaction of oxygenates (methanol/DME) with these intermediates and deactivation of intermediates by degradation to coke. The presence of water in the reaction medium attenuates the reaction rate of these steps. Discrimination of kinetic equations and calculation of the parameters of best fit have been carried out by solving the mass conservation equations of the individual components of the kinetic scheme together with the kinetic equation for deactivation and taking into account the effect of water on the kinetics of each step. 相似文献
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General relationships between organisms and their habitat, consistent across spatial scales and regions, suggest the existence of repeatable ecological processes and are useful for the management of stream networks. From published data, we defined four guilds of European fish species with contrasting preferences for microhabitat hydraulics within stream reaches. At the scale of stream reaches and across 139 French sites (590 460 fishes sampled), we analysed how fish guild proportions were related to reach hydraulics (proportion of pools vs. riffles %POOL; median discharge by unit width Q50/W). The strongest correlations were observed between two fish guilds and %POOL (p < 0.001, r2 ≥ 0.41) and between one fish guild proportion and Q50/W (p < 0.001, r2 = 0.10). These reach–scale relationships were consistent across six large French basins, and consistent with the analyses made at the microhabitat scale. Therefore, microhabitat preferences for hydraulics are strong enough to generate consistent reach‐scale community responses to hydraulics across regions, despite the influence of other filters such as temperature, nutrient levels or history. The distribution of basic geomorphic features (pools, riffles) in streams and their modification (by dams, weirs and dikes) can modify the proportion of fish guilds by up to 80%, probably contributing to the long‐term decline of riffle‐dwelling species in Europe. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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本文简略介绍云南某硫酸盐浆厂污水处理工程采用的国内不多见的污水单元技术,并对其先进性和实用性效果进行评价和探讨。 相似文献
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钻井过程中硫化氢的处理工艺 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目的:防止钻井过程中出现的硫化氢对人身安全和钻具造成危害。方法:分析氢脆破坏机理和处理硫化氢的化学原理。结果:提出了处理硫化氢的关键技术,并结合塔中162井的实钻经验,总结出了钻井过程中对硫化氢的几点认识。结论:提高泥浆pH值、加入除硫剂及提高泥浆密度等措施是钻井过程中处理硫化氢的关键技术,从而有利于富含硫化氢的灰岩、白云岩等裂缝性油气藏的钻井生产。 相似文献
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NucleatePoolBoilingofPureLiquidsandBinaryMixtures:PartI-AnalyticalModelforBoilingHeatTransferofPureLiquidsonSmoothTubesGuoqin... 相似文献
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2003年11月龙滩工程将实现大江截流,随着工程建设的全面推进,越发显出实施龙滩水电站正常蓄水位400m一次建成方案的重要性和紧迫性。相对分期建设而言,400m水位一次建成,工程效益大、增加投资少、无后期加高过程中的各种技术难题,基本不影响电站的初期发电效益,水轮机设计与运行问题少、机组运行条件好,电站规模效益与社会综合效益巨大,有利于移民安置和库区经济的发展,对国家、地方、企业均十分有利,因此应尽快决策实施400m一次建成方案。 相似文献
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阐述了PTA酸化沉淀池的腐蚀状况、防腐材料的选材试验及防腐措施的研究及其使用效果;分析了M树脂玻璃钢的应用技术;提出了PTA酸化沉淀池采用复合玻璃钢的防腐措施。 相似文献
10.
George P. Naughton Christopher C. Caudill Christopher A. Peery Tami S. Clabough Michael A. Jepson Theodore C. Bjornn Lowell C. Stuehrenberg 《河流研究与利用》2007,23(1):99-111
Previous studies of Pacific salmonid passage over Snake River dams indicated slowed passage at transition pools, the transition area between the fishway entrance and the fish ladder. In 2001 and 2002, we conducted an experiment to determine if modified weirs affected adult salmon and steelhead passage times and route selection through the Lower Granite Dam transition pool. Fish attraction flows through the lower ladder weirs were experimentally increased using removable panels. During the experiment we monitored radio‐tagged adult Chinook salmon and steelhead to determine passage routes and times through the transition pool. The weir treatment increased the number of spring–summer Chinook salmon passing straight through the transition pool compared to those exiting the transition pool to the collection channel or tailrace. Mean passage times through the transition pool differed among routes and were significantly lower during treatment periods for the exit‐to‐collection channel route in spring‐summer Chinook salmon, but not for other routes. Passage times among routes differed in steelhead, but there was no evidence of treatment effects on route use or passage time. Fall Chinook exhibited similar trends in route use and passage time to spring–summer Chinook, but differences were not significant, perhaps because of relatively small sample size. Total dam passage times did not differ by treatment or route for any run. Fish depth during passage of the transition pool suggested that most fish passed through submerged orifices and supported the hypothesis that increased water velocity through these orifices caused the increase in straight‐through passage in spring–summer Chinook. Collectively, the results suggested the weir modifications provided improvement to passage through the transition pool for spring–summer Chinook and no evidence of negative effects on other runs. The results from this study were used to develop new design criteria and modifications of the Lower Granite Dam fishway. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献