若尔盖高原径流量变化与储水量计算

若尔盖高原的降水量微弱减少与蒸发量持续上升,使若尔盖高原径流量与储水量逐年降低,直接减少了若尔盖高原的湿地面积和对黄河上游径流量的补给。基于红原、若尔盖和玛曲站的气象数据和7个水文站的径流量数据(1981-2011年),并对数据序列进行插补与计算,获得若尔盖高原的径流量变化与气候因子的响应关系,进而计算储水量变化。计算结果表明:若尔盖高原向黄河年均补水(67. 08±14. 90)×108m3,并以0. 48×108m3/a速率持续减少。降水量每减少1 mm将导致黑河与白河的年径流量分别减少0. 02×108和0. 05×108m3。蒸发量每增加1 mm将导致黑河与白河的年径流量分别减少0. 12×108和0. 27×108m3。1981-2011年若尔盖高原的年均储水量为(59. 30±18. 69)×108m3,其年均递减速率为0. 49×108m3/a。本研究有助于认识若尔盖高原对于黄河上游水资源保障的重要性。     

1990—2011年若尔盖高原土地覆盖变化

以1990—2011年的Landsat TM遥感影像为数据源,利用ENVI的面向对象法和Google Earth提取地物信息及自然水系与人工沟渠的分布格局,结合1967—2012年降水量和气温数据,分析气候变化对土地覆盖的趋势性影响。结果表明:2011年建设用地和荒漠的面积分别是1990年的5.84倍和1.35倍,林地面积主要受人口增长和伐木等人类活动影响以0.66 km²/a的速率不断减少,水面面积受水文周期和降水量影响呈现波动性变化,草地面积增加,植被覆盖度先减后增,泥炭沼泽湿地面积由于气候变暖、人工开渠和自然水系溯源下切的叠加作用影响以78.62 km²/a的速率快速萎缩;若尔盖高原人工沟渠控制的泥炭沼泽有完全由人工沟渠排水和自然水系与人工沟渠共同排水两种输水模式;持续的人工沟渠排水活动显著影响着泥炭沼泽的蓄水量,制约着泥炭沼泽的维持并加速泥炭沼泽脱水萎缩。     

若尔盖泥炭型弯曲河流的崩岸机理研究

弯曲河流凹岸在近岸水流淘刷作用下发生崩岸是河湾横向迁移的直接动力。基于2011-2015年野外调查发现,黄河源的若尔盖盆地发育众多的弯曲河流,其河岸上部为泥炭层,下部粉沙层,可称为泥炭型弯曲河流。通过野外测量和粉沙层淘刷过程的分析,以及崩岸临界力矩平衡分析,从机理上研究了泥炭型弯曲河流的横向淘刷速率与崩岸机制,推导了泥炭型弯道的粉沙层横向淘刷速率的表达式,提出了确定淘刷系数的方法,获得了泥炭块的临界崩岸宽度公式,其计算值与实测值较相近。     

Survivorship and growth of Typha latifolia L. across a NaCl gradient: a greenhouse study

Oil sands surface mining operations in northeastern Alberta have created a substantial area of land needing to be reclaimed. Historically, these lands were a mosaic of uplands and boreal wetlands, particularly peatlands. While protocols for upland reclamation are well-defined, protocols for peatland reclamation are still in development. Two major concerns for peatland reclamations are (1) the ability of wetland plants to tolerate the increased sodicity present after surface mining and (2) the potential for the invasion of aggressive wetland plants, such as Typha latifolia, that could crowd out peatland plants and hinder the development of a peat layer. This study addresses these concerns by quantifying the response of T. latifolia seedlings to a sodium gradient. In the lowest two concentrations (0 and 300 mg L^?1), there was about 100% survival rate as compared to about 56% at sodium concentration of 2400 mg L^?1. At 300 mg L^?1, T. latifolia leaf health began to decrease, and at 600 mg L^?1, the health, plant height and the biomass aboveground decreased substantially. Our findings suggest that T. latifolia populations might be kept in check by keeping sodium concentrations within a range between 300 and 600 mg L^?1.     

国外泥炭藓种植业的研究进展

泥炭藓作为一种优良的栽培基质原材料,由于其市场需求量大,应用前景广阔,已得到许多国家的认可。为了满足不断增长的市场需求,最大限度地减少开采泥炭藓给环境带来的负面影响,欧洲和北美相继开展了在泥炭开采迹地种植泥炭藓的实验研究。研究结果表明,在泥炭开采迹地种植泥炭藓,既可以恢复泥炭地、增加对大气碳的固定,又能够满足市场对栽培基质的需求,具有较强的环境价值和经济技术可行性。本文介绍了欧洲的德国、丹麦和北美的加拿大泥炭藓种植的方法和近期研究进展,以期为我国泥炭地恢复重建和泥炭藓种植研究提供借鉴。     

The influence of summer seasonal extremes on dissolved organic carbon export from a boreal peatland catchment: evidence from one dry and one wet growing season

A small peatland catchment in eastern Finland was monitored for runoff and export of dissolved organic carbon. To exemplify the response of a peatland under years of different meteorological conditions, data from one very dry and one wet growing season are presented. Runoff was 194 and 387 mm, and DOC export was 4.2 and 11.3 gC m^− 2 in the dry and wet year respectively. Analysis of the hydrographs showed that in both years most runoff and DOC export was generated during peak flow events, with low baseflow in the intermediate periods. Runoff response to rain events was strongest under a high water table in the spring and autumn, with a summer runoff minimum. The effect of drought on runoff occurred only after mid June when the effects of snowmelt had dissipated. Snowmelt therefore dominated DOC export in the dry year (61%) but contributed much less (29%) in the wet year. The relationship between runoff and the water table was highly similar in both years. Any variation that was observed herein was potentially related to a superficial subsidence of the peat surface under drier summer conditions and to raised spring water levels, causing restricted drainage due to flooding. The observed variation of DOC concentrations in both years generally had a limited impact on DOC export. During peak runoff events, concentrations dropped proportionally to the magnitude of the events. This decrease in available DOC is argued to be caused by a dominance of leaching over supply and production and by the specific hydraulic characteristics of the peatland surface. DOC concentrations were some 25% higher under drought conditions. These elevated concentrations were dispelled by spring snowmelt of the next year, demonstrating that a winter snowpack in boreal regions may be instrumental in limiting the longer term hydrological and biochemical effects of a drought.     

气候变暖背景下泥炭藓泥炭地酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的研究

泥炭地主要氧化酶在各个季节均会面临气候胁迫,但目前缺乏氧化酶特征及其对气候胁迫响应方面的数据。在实验增温条件下、泥炭藓藓坪区,沿狭窄的矿养-雨养泥炭地梯度,测定了酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性。发现,不管季节和采样面积如何,泥炭藓的过氧化物酶活性均比酚氧化物酶活性高出1000倍以上。气温升高(平均1℃)使过氧化物酶活性增加(30%),但增温不改变酚氧化酶的活性。结果表明,泥炭地过氧化物酶活性的监测可作为反映气候变暖对泥炭地碳循环影响的一个合适的且有预见性的指标。     

黄河源区典型泥炭湿地地下水水位时空变化及流量过程

以黄河源区若尔盖盆地黑河上游的一个典型泥炭湿地小流域为研究对象,采用2018—2022年的地下水水位监测数据、气象数据和无人机航测地形数据,统计分析了泥炭湿地小流域内地下水水位时空变化,并推算了小流域沟道出口的断面水深与流量过程。结果表明：降水是泥炭湿地小流域地下水水位变化的主导因素,地下水水位与降水量变化趋势一致,且随降水与蒸散发之比的增大而上升;小流域中游地下水水位比上游波动更剧烈,且上游地下水水位均值高于中游,沟道中部泥炭湿地的蓄水能力在减退。根据水力学方法和地下水水位监测数据得到了泥炭湿地小流域的沟道断面水深-流量经验关系公式,可用于计算日流量过程线。     

Greenhouse gas emissions from tropical peatlands of Kalimantan,Indonesia

Greenhouse gas emissions were measured from tropical peatlands of Kalimantan, Indonesia. The effect of hydrological zone and land-use on the emission of N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂ were examined. Temporal and annual N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂ were then measured. The results showed that the emissions of these gases were strongly affected by land-use and hydrological zone. The emissions exhibited seasonal changes. Annual emission of N₂O was the highest (nearly 1.4 g N m^–2y^–1) from site A-1 (secondary forest), while there was no signi.cant difference in annual N₂O emission from site A-2 (paddy field) and site A-3 (rice-soybean rotation field). Multiplying the areas of forest and non-forest in Kalimantan with the emission of N₂O from corresponding land-uses, the annual N₂O emissions from peat forest and peat non-forest of Kalimantan were estimated as 0.046 and 0.004 Tg N y^–1, respectively. The emissions of CH₄ from paddy field and non-paddy field were estimated similarly as 0.14 and 0.21 Tg C y^–1, respectively. Total annual CO₂ emission was estimated to be 182 Tg C y^–1. Peatlands of Kalimantan, Indonesia, contributed less than 0.3 of the total global N₂O, CO₂ or CH₄ emission, indicating that the gaseous losses of soil N and C from the study area to the atmosphere were small.     

若尔盖泥炭小流域地下水水位的时空变化规律

若尔盖泥炭湿地是黄河上游重要的水源涵养地,发挥着蓄水、固碳和生态的重要功能。近几十年来若尔盖泥炭湿地面积持续萎缩,其地下水水位的变化对湿地萎缩发挥着关键性作用。选取若尔盖高原的黑河上游泥炭湿地典型小流域,采用HOBO自记水位计布设5个靠近沟道和3个远离沟道的地下水水位观测点,结合2017年5-9月地下水水位观测数据以及红原站气象资料,分析该小流域内地下水水位的时空变化规律。结果表明：沟道可为周边泥炭层提供更加长效的补水时间,而且能够更快汇集地表水流;远离沟道的地下水水位变化与降雨过程趋于同步,其与降雨量的相关系数达到0.8;洼地的地下水水位变化比坡地受降雨影响小;地下水水位变化对降雨过程具有滞后响应,即随着降雨强度增大,滞后时长逐渐减小,且远离沟道比靠近沟道的观测点的滞后时长要短约18 min。