基于GIS的农村社会经济统计信息系统技术

将GIS技术应用于农村统计领域,通过制定统计行业空间信息化建设标准与规范,实现了系统与现有统计政务系统的数据共享。提出并研究了统计数据空间化处理、空间统计分析和多维可视化表达的技术方法体系,从农村统计业务流的角度进行系统数据库设计、框架搭建以及功能模块设计,在此基础上构建了系统原型并在国家统计局进行示范应用。实践证明,建立时空一体化的信息支撑平台,对于推动我国农村统计部门的政务信息化建设起到了积极作用。     

洞庭湖生态经济区水资源与社会经济发展协同度评价

洞庭湖流域水资源短缺日益严峻,水资源成为制约湖区社会经济发展的重要因素。选取洞庭湖生态经济区为研究对象,借助于协同理论和集对分析方法,构建经济区26个县(市区)水资源与社会经济发展协同度评价模型。结果表明:经济区两个系统之间的协同度整体水平不高,且各县市区之间协同度差异明显,其中澧县、临澧县、桃源县、石门县、赫山区、沅江市、大通湖区和桃江县的水资源与社会经济系统的协同度较高,而临湘市和岳阳县则处于不协同状态,其他县市区处于中等协同水平。分析发现水资源与社会经济系统的协同程度高低的决定因素是水资源系统稳定程度,所以经济区水资源开发利用潜力较大。最后提出了促进水资源与社会经济系统协同发展的对策和建议。     

Leakage Targets and Socio-Economic Efficiency

During the last few years, the introduction of mandatory leakage targets for UK water companies has had the positive effect of reducing levels of leakage, while requiring the companies to operate at an economic level of leakage. Unfortunately, the determination of company-specific economic levels of leakage have been a source of disagreement between the water companies and the Government, with the Government view that water companies are not using the true long-term marginal costs of water abstraction, and therefore are not safeguarding the environment.
This paper (a) reviews the model which was used to define the economic level of leakage, (b) argues the case for resource management based on the impact of water abstractions on the socio-environmental quality of a resource rather than the myopic focus on leakage reductions, (c) presents the concepts of effectiveness and efficiency in relation to socio-environmental quality, and (d) proposes a new methodology which allows the determination of water abstraction rates while maintaining a desired level of socio-environmental quality.     

Is the association between temperature and mortality modified by age, gender and socio-economic status?

Background

A number of studies have examined the relationship between high ambient temperature and mortality. Recently, concern has arisen about whether this relationship is modified by socio-demographic factors. However, data for this type of study is relatively scarce in subtropical/tropical regions where people are well accustomed to warm temperatures.

Objective

To investigate whether the relationship between daily mean temperature and daily all-cause mortality is modified by age, gender and socio-economic status (SES) in Brisbane, Australia.

Methods

We obtained daily mean temperature and all-cause mortality data for Brisbane, Australia during 1996-2004. A generalised additive model was fitted to assess the percentage increase in all deaths with every one degree increment above the threshold temperature. Different age, gender and SES groups were included in the model as categorical variables and their modification effects were estimated separately.

Results

A total of 53,316 non-external deaths were included during the study period. There was a clear increasing trend in the harmful effect of high temperature on mortality with age. The effect estimate among women was more than 20 times that among men. We did not find an SES effect on the percent increase associated with temperature.

Conclusions

The effects of high temperature on all deaths were modified by age and gender but not by SES in Brisbane, Australia.     

Socio-economic effects monitoring: toward improvements informed by bio-physical effects monitoring

In this paper, using two case studies from the Hibernia offshore platform construction project, we argue that follow-up based on the hypothesistesting approach typically adopted in biophysical effects monitoring could be more widely adopted in socio-economic effects monitoring. While there are some significantly different issues associated with socio-economic and biophysical monitoring, we argue that such an approach in the socio-economic context would encourage more focused attention on monitoring objectives, more appropriate data collection and clearer identification of project-specific impacts, thereby offering more credible and useful information to decision-makers than is now often the case.     

The place of social impacts in the iterative assessment process: a case study of a highway project in the US State of Georgia

Social impact assessments (SIAs) were conducted in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process along the US 441 corridor in Clinch and Atkinson Counties, Georgia. The SIA approach consisted of both quantitative and participatory (public involvement) components. Successes in using this approach included: aligning the roadway with access and optimal benefits for the adjacent communities; support for the project despite the change it will bring to the region; improved relationships with the community, which previously had little trust in government; and, most important of all, education of the design engineers about community impacts.     

Post-Construction Effects of the Cameroonian Lagdo Dam on the River Benue

This paper examines the immediate and long-term effects of the Lagdo dam on the Upper Benue river basin in Nigeria. From routine monitoring of the River Benue, it was found that some immediate deleterious effects were (a) siltation of the river bed and channel, (b) frequent flooding events, and (c) reduction in flow. Consequently, these factors have constrained irrigation, navigation and fishing activities which were formerly undertaken along the river. Similarly, water-supply intake structures and irrigation abstraction facilities along the river have either been silted up or threatened. Allowing for assumptions on a real-time operational schedule of the dam, coupled with future water demands in north Cameroon, longterm effects of the dam on the Benue basin within Nigeria are predicted.     

Keeping Warm and Staying Well. Does Home Energy Efficiency Mediate the Relationship between Socio-economic Status and the Risk of Poorer Health?

This paper discusses the findings of two surveys, undertaken in 2000 and 2001, which investigated relationships between home energy efficiency, socio-economic status and respondent health. Data were collected through interviews with an informant from each household and energy surveys. Respondents were drawn from relatively poor households. The main health measure used in the analysis, respondent-assessed overall health, was statistically significantly related to other health indicators, including SF36 scores, the reported presence of limiting conditions and health care behaviours such as visiting the GP. Worse respondent self-assessed health was statistically significantly related to occupational, wealth and income measures of poorer socio-economic status. However, measures of heating satisfaction and sense of mastery displaced the socio-economic measures when they were included in the predictive logistic regression model for self-assessed respondent health. Objective home energy efficiency, measured by SAP ratings, was associated with health in the model independently of the subjective measure. The findings support other evidence that home energy efficiency makes an important contribution to the relationship between lower socio-economic status and poorer health, and document the combined relationship between objective and subjectively measured home energy efficiency and health.     

历史街区保护研究评述、技术方法与关键问题

基于对国内外历史街区保护进程与研究动态的综合评述,从物质空间修复、社会经济治理、定量评测分析三方面系统梳理了街区保护研究的主要内容与技术方法;在此基础上提出整体、动态、适应、平衡四大保护理念以及“循律”与“适度”两大原则,并对未来历史街区保护研究的发展趋势进行了预测与展望.     

Load Forecasting Technique for System Expansion in Isolated Area Using Time Invariant Socio-Economic Factors of Identical Agglomerations

Load forecasting is a critical issue for operational planning as well as grid expansion to ensure an uninterruptable electric power system. Being a small but densely populated country in South Asia, Bangladesh has many isolated places which are not connected to national grid yet. If concern authority opts to expand grid to those areas, they need reliable demand data for designing and dimensioning of different power system entities, e.g., capacity, overhead line capacity, tie line capacity, spinning reserve, load-shedding scheduling, etc., for reliable operation and to prevent possible obligatory redesigning. This paper represents an analysis to forecast the electricity demand of an isolated island in Bangladesh where past history of electrical load demand is not available. The analysis is based on the identification of factors, e.g., population, literacy rate, per capita income, occupation, communication, etc., on which electrical load growth of an area depends. Data has been collected from the targeted isolated area and form a grid connected area which is similar to target area from social and geographical perspective. Weights of those factors on load have been calculated by matrix inversion. Demand of the new area is forecasted using these weights factors by matrix multiplication.