Engset multi‐rate state‐dependent loss models with QoS guarantee

We consider a single link loss system of quasi‐random input, described by the Engset multirate loss model (EnMLM). Blocked calls may once reattempt to be connected to the system requiring less bandwidth; then the system is described by the single retry model for finite sources (f‐SRM). The EnMLM and the f‐SRM are extended with the single threshold finite source model (f‐STM), where calls may attempt to be connected to the system with less bandwidth requirements, according to the link occupancy, before blocking occurs. We focus on CBP equalization in the EnMLM, f‐SRM and f‐STM, under the bandwidth reservation (BR) policy. For this analysis, we apply two approximate methods, the Roberts' method and the method of reverse transition rates (RTR), which lead to a recursive CBP calculation. We evaluate the accuracy of the above models under the BR policy by comparing the analytical with simulation CBP results, based on the relative approximation errors (RAE). The results are highly satisfactory because they show that the proposed models (formulas) lead to small RAE. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Paramedics on the job: Dynamic trunk motion assessment at the workplace

Many paramedics' work accidents are related to physical aspects of the job, and the most affected body part is the low back. This study documents the trunk motion exposure of paramedics on the job. Nine paramedics were observed over 12 shifts (120 h). Trunk postures were recorded with the computer-assisted CUELA measurement system worn on the back like a knapsack. Average duration of an emergency call was 23.5 min. Sagittal trunk flexion of >40° and twisting rotation of >24° were observed in 21% and 17% of time-sampled postures. Medical care on the scene (44% of total time) involved prolonged flexed and twisted postures (∼10 s). The highest extreme sagittal trunk flexion (63°) and twisting rotation (40°) were observed during lifting activities, which lasted 2% of the total time. Paramedics adopted trunk motions that may significantly increase the risk of low back disorders during medical care and patient-handling activities.     

滇池环湖截污干渠错峰技术模拟与分析

为了实现滇池流域截污效果的最大化,基于前期建立的东岸排水管网SWMM模型,结合该区域1995-2016年间降雨资料,研究环湖截污干渠的错峰调蓄技术。根据雨水干渠液位高度执行不同控制模式:当水位低于6.76 m时执行典型污染物浓度阈值控制模式;当水位高于6.76 m时执行典型污染物阈值控制的同时执行液位-污染物通量控制模式。采用SS和TN作为干渠截流的典型污染物控制指标,其控制浓度阈值分别取12和5 mg/L。模拟重现期为0.5~1 a降雨时SS、TN浓度-负荷通量调蓄方案下干渠负荷收集情况,结果表明两种调蓄方案均能有效提高雨水干渠的负荷收集率,提高污水干渠出口浓度,降低雨水径流对污水厂的高水量和低浓度冲击负荷。随着重现期增大,干渠对污染物的高效和最大化收集效果越明显。但是TN调控下污染负荷收集效果优于SS,因此选择TN作为干渠截流的最优典型污染物控制指标。     

汽车行李箱盖关闭冲击及耐久性分析

基于LS-DYNA提出一种对汽车行李箱盖进行关闭冲击仿真的建模方法.建立密封条和锁总成的详细模型,并根据仿真结果对行李箱盖进行耐久性预测.仿真结果与试验结果的对比验证该模型的准确性.该方法可有效仿真汽车行李箱盖的关闭冲击及耐久性能,提升设计效率.     

电力数字调度机软件系统的设计与实现

电力调度交换机正被逐渐地应用于电力生产调度,它在电力通信中具有举足轻重的作用.文章首先介绍了一种新型程控调度交换机软件的基本结构和设计思想,讨论了在实现此软件系统中涉及到的操作系统设计、呼叫处理程序和其他关键问题.     

电力调度交换机软件系统的设计与实现

电力调度交换机正被逐渐地应用于电力生产调度,它在电力通信中具有举足轻重的作用。本文首先介绍了一种新型程控调度交换机软件的基本结构和设计思想,讨论了在实现此软件系统中涉及到的操作系统设计、呼叫处理程序和其他关键问题。     

Movement of loads with trunk rotation

Movements with participants standing at a bench and moving loads up to 6 kg were studied, with participants using two hands to hold the load and trunk rotation in order to move the loads to specified locations. Tasks were performed with rapid ballistic movements and also with ongoing visual control. Data for ballistic movements were modelled in terms of a modified form of the (Gan, K.-C. and Hoffmann, E.R. 1988. “Geometrical conditions for ballistic and visually controlled movements.” Ergonomics 5 (31): 829–839) model for ballistic movements, taking into account the inertial properties of trunk rotation. Visually-controlled movements were modelled in terms of Fitts' law and a term that allowed for the ballistic form of the first submovement of the visually-controlled movement.

Practitioner Summary: Movement times to move masses up to 6 kg, for workers at a bench using trunk rotation, are given. Theoretical models fit the experimental data very well and allow prediction of movement times.     

The effects of horizontal load speed and lifting frequency on lifting technique and biomechanics

Lifting loads that have a horizontal velocity (e.g. lifting from a conveyor) is often seen in industry and it was hypothesised that the inertial characteristics of these loads may influence lifting technique and low back stress. Seventeen male participants were asked to perform lifting tasks under conditions of four horizontal load speeds (0 m/s, 0.7 m/s, 1.3 m/s and 2.4 m/s) and two lifting frequencies (10 and 20 lifts/min) while trunk motions and trunk muscle activation levels were monitored. Results revealed that increasing horizontal load speed from 0 m/s to 2.4 m/s resulted in an increase in peak sagittal angle (73° vs. 81°) but lower levels of peak sagittal plane angular acceleration (480°/s² vs. 4°/s²) and peak transverse plane angular acceleration (200°/s per s vs. 140°/s per s) and a consistent increase in trunk muscle co-activation. Participants used the inertia of the load to reduce the peak dynamics of the lifting motion at a cost of increased trunk flexion and higher muscle activity.

Statement of Relevance: Conveyors are ubiquitous in industry and understanding the effects of horizontal load speed on the lifting motions performed by workers lifting items from these conveyors may provide some insight into low back injury risk posed by these tasks.     

Hand-hold location and trunk kinematics during box handling

Trunk kinematics variables have been shown to be related to low back injury risk during lifting tasks and it was hypothesised that changes in hand-hold positions could influence trunk kinematics and thereby risk. Fourteen subjects lifted a 5 or 10 kg box using four different hand placement locations (two symmetric and two asymmetric) while their trunk kinematics (position, velocity and acceleration in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes) were captured using the lumbar motion monitor (LMM). These kinematics data were then used to calculate the probability of high risk group membership (PHRGM) as defined in the LMM risk assessment model. The results showed significant effects of hand placement on trunk kinematics, resulting in significant changes in the PHRGM variable ranging from a low of 20% in a the symmetric low load condition to a high of 38% under the asymmetric, 10 kg condition.

Statement of Relevance: Manual materials handlers use a variety of hand-hold positions on boxes during lifting. Where a lifter grabs the box can influence the trunk kinematics during the lifting task and these kinematics have been shown to provide some insight into risk of low back injury. This study documents the trunk postures and kinematics as a function of hand-hold position.