日语中“女性语”问题的思考

拥有＂男性语＂和＂女性语＂是日语的一大特色。而汉语是不存在这一语言现象的,因此,日语专业的学生在接触日语中的＂女性语＂这一知识点的时候,或多或少有些难以理解的地方。本文对日本四部人气电视剧的剧本做了调查,旨在重新思考日语中＂女性语＂的教学问题,并为探索有效的教学方案做铺垫。     

Zandra Rhodes’ ‘Works of Art’ (1979–1988): From Feminine Frills to Goddess Saris

By 1979 the British fashion designer Zandra Rhodes (b. 1940) was well established and internationally renowned for her colourful hand screen-printed silk chiffon crinoline dresses. The femininity of her chiffon dresses ensured their continuation as best–sellers beyond 1979, but little has been written about her other dress designs during the 1980s. During this period Rhodes introduced new styles including her heavily beaded ‘exotic tunics’ and designer saris worn over hip panniers. Zandra Rhodes’ designs were perceived as feminine when worn by the designer herself, her models and her clientele; and represented as feminine in their portrayal in magazines and newspapers at the time. Using original records held in the Zandra Rhodes Archives, London, as well as material gathered during the Zandra Rhodes Digital Study Collection project (Jisc, 2011–2013), this article examines the period 1979–1988 within a framework of feminine representation and also considers Rhodes’ proposition that her designs are ‘works of art’.     

The dynamics of masculine-agentic and feminine-communal traits: Findings from a prospective study.

A reciprocal impact hypothesis posits an influence of gender-related traits (agency and communion) on role enactment and a reciprocal impact of role enactment on gender-related traits, for both men and women. Specifically, in this study it was predicted that agency influences career success and career success influences agency. In addition, the reciprocal influence of communion and family roles was examined. A prospective study with almost 2,000 university graduates, who were tested after graduation and 1.5 years later, clearly supported the reciprocal impact hypothesis for agency and career success. Communion influenced family roles, but there was no reciprocal influence. Implications for theories of career success and of sex and gender are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Is face distinctiveness gender based?

Two experiments were carried out to study the role of gender category in evaluations of face distinctiveness. In Experiment 1, participants had to evaluate the distinctiveness and the femininity-masculinity of real or artificial composite faces. The composite faces were created by blending either faces of the same gender (sexed composite faces, approximating the sexed prototypes) or faces of both genders (nonsexed composite faces, approximating the face prototype). The results show that the distinctiveness ratings decreased as the number of blended faces increased. Distinctiveness and gender ratings did not covary for real faces or sexed composite faces, but they did vary for nonsexed composite faces. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to state which of two composite faces, one sexed and one nonsexed, was more distinctive. Sexed composite faces were selected less often. The results are interpreted as indicating that distinctiveness is based on sexed prototypes. Implications for face recognition models are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mediated and primary stimulus-generalization bases of sexual symbolism.

Ss were asked to make associations of masculinity or femininity to simple geometric figures reproduced in such a way as to encompass both the primary stimulus-generalization basis of sexual symbolism emphasized by Freud and a mediated basis unrelated directly to psychoanalytic theory--the color dichotomy of black-gray. The materials were constructed so that each response would be scored as consistent with 1 basis of symbolism only. The results showed that both the primary and mediated bases of symbolism were very significantly effective in determining responses (p     

Effect of organization size on validity of Masculinity-Femininity score.

Apopulation of 195 pre-1944 male Stanford Graduate School of Business MBAs was analyzed for association between executive success criteria and scores on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank Masculinity-Femininity (SVIB MF) scale, controlling for size of employing organization (large N = 47, medium N = 105, and tiny N = 43). No significant correlations were found between the SVIB MF scores and pay, job interest, or career progress satisfaction. Correlations were significant (p     

A personality inventory employing occupational titles.

The hypothesis that "a useful personality inventory might be constructed from occupational or interest test content" was explored further with the Holland Vocational Preference Inventory. 10 scales survived cluster analysis, using 300 college freshmen, and to these were added masculinity-femininity, status, infrequency, and acquiescence scales. Estimated retest reliability after 4 months had a median of .75. Differentiation was obtained between matched control and psychiatric samples. Profiles of university freshmen on the basis of college choice were also differentiated. 15 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Exploring the relative impact of biological sex and masculinity–femininity values on information technology use

Previous studies in an e-commerce context suggest that there are biological differences (i.e. whether one is a man or a woman) with respect to perceptions of websites. In other research, there is evidence that psychological gender (i.e. values such as masculinity or femininity) likewise influences website perceptions. It is the aim of the current investigation to explore the possibility that both biological sex and psychological gender influence user perceptions, and to examine the predictive power of each on our model. To test these assumptions, we use an augmented technology acceptance model (TAM). To maximise variance in our sample, participants are selected from two countries that are significantly different in masculinity–femininity. As expected, psychological gender better predicted trust and TAM than biological sex. Moreover, this study validates that the masculinity–femininity dimension as originally developed by Hofstede [1980. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage] can be separated into two scales – one each for masculinity and femininity. The results suggest the need for additional research into the differentiation between psychological gender and sex.     

Psychology and the reconciliation of women's double bind: To be feminine or to be fully human.

The thesis is developed that femininity in a social context which values competence and individual achievement presents conflicts for women for whom the results are ambivalence, fear of success, guilt and anxiety. An androgynous conception of sex roles and the consequent implications for child rearing are discussed. The role presently played by psychologists in instructing students and advising parents is described and judged to be inadequate. The responsibility of the psychologist in contributing to a resolution of sex-role conflicts for both men and women is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Are attractive men's faces masculine or feminine? The importance of type of facial stimuli.

The authors investigated whether differences in facial stimuli could explain the inconsistencies in the facial attractiveness literature regarding whether adults prefer more masculine- or more feminine-looking male faces. Their results demonstrated that use of a female average to dimorphically transform a male facial average produced stimuli that did not accurately reflect the relationship between masculinity and attractiveness. In contrast, use of averages of masculine males and averages of feminine males produced stimuli that did accurately reflect the relationship between masculinity and attractiveness. Their findings suggest that masculinity contributes more to male facial attractiveness than does femininity, but future research should investigate how various combinations of facial cues contribute to male facial attractiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)