Corrosion Behavior of 316LN and 316 Stainless Steels During Long-term Exposure to Aerated 0.5 M NaCl Using Electrochemical Noise Technique

In the present work 316LN as well as 316 stainless steel (SS) coupons each of dimensions (0.025 × 0.018 × 0.006 m³) in well-polished condition were used as two nominal electrodes which were immersed in the aerated solution of 0.5 M NaCl. Correlated current and potential electrochemical noise (EN) signals were collected at 1 Hz sampling frequency for 1 h daily over a period of 30 days. The detrended EN data were used to calculate the noise resistance (R _N) as well as the spectral noise resistance at zero frequency (R _SN^o) values and other statistical parameters. To study the nature of pits and distribution of their diameters as well as depths, extensive observations of the pitted and the blank specimens were carried out using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). The current and the potential records of the two alloys showed distinct differences in their corrosion behavior. It was observed that within less than 4 h of immersion, 316SS showed signals indicative of unstable pitting and onset of stable pitting was noticed after 48 h of exposure. However, until about 24 h, 316LN showed just the random signals and unstable pitting was observed after 28 h. The signals clearly indicated continuous growth of the stable pits in 316SS as against the repassivation of the unstable pits in 316LN after 7 days exposure. It was observed that R _N values showed a continuous decrease in the case of 316SS, but were quite stable in the case of 316LN over the exposure period. Concurrent to these observations it was observed that 316SS specimen was extensively pitted. The frequency distributions of pit diameters as well pit depths were observed to be highest at 10-20 μm and 5-10 μm, respectively. However, pits with as large as 70-80 μm diameter and as deep as 20-25 μm too were observed. No pits were observed in case of 316LN even after 30 days of exposure, an observation that corroborates well with the stable R _N values. Thus, in the present investigation, the long-term tests using EN technique coupled with CLSM studies conclusively prove that many unstable pits initiated in 316SS turn into stable ones resulting in insidious localized corrosion attack whereas the unstable pits initiated in 316LN get passivated in the simulated coastal environment.     

超低碳不锈钢管-管板的焊接工艺试验与应用

超低碳不锈钢316L管-管板的焊接采用手工钨极氩弧焊,对316L不锈钢的焊接性进行了分析和研究,通过工艺试验,证明了焊接工艺的可靠性,并在不锈钢浓H2SO4冷却器阳极保护(管壳式)设备的焊接中取得了满意的效果.     

316LN钢高温塑性及其断口特征

利用Gleeble-1500D热力模拟试验机,对316LN钢进行温度为950~1200℃,应变速率分别为0.005、0.05、0.5和1s-1的热力模拟试验。借助扫描电镜(SEM)对断口进行观察,研究316LN钢的高温塑性及高温断裂机制。结果表明:316LN钢高温断裂为韧性断裂,随着温度和应变速率的增加,韧窝尺寸增大,深度增加,塑性增加。同时,采用回归方法构建了断裂应变、塑性指标(延伸率和断面收缩率)分别与变形条件(温度和应变速率)的关系模型,应用这些模型可以计算一定条件下316LN钢的断裂应变、延伸率和断面收缩率,对制定316LN钢的锻造工艺有一定的指导作用。     

Wear mechanisms of PcBN tools when machining AISI 316L

This paper investigates the machinability of AISI 316L stainless steel without and with NMI treatment, when machined with three different PcBN tool grades: low cBN content (50% vol.), medium (65% vol.) and high (90% vol.). The NMI treatment consisted of resulfurized and Ca-treated steels with two different Si/Al ratio. The tool materials were evaluated in terms of tool life, showing the best performance for the medium cBN content grade. Results showed that the crater wear has a more significant effect on the tool performance than the standard wear criteria of maximum flank wear. The worn tools were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focused ion beam (FIB) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In most cases, the crater exhibited three distinct regions from the edge to the end of the contact zone: the plateau, middle crater, and the upper region. Plateau and crater region displayed tool protective layer (TPL), consisting mostly of Al, Si, Mg and Ca-oxides; and some dimples in the tool from preferential wear of cBN grains. In the upper region of the best performing material, a ~1.5 μm thick TPL of mostly MnCr₂O₄ spinel was found, a result of the transfer of Mn- and Cr-rich oxide NMIs found in this material or oxidation of workpiece material, during the machining process.     

316不锈钢藕状多孔结构的选区激光烧结制备

研究了一种新型的制备金属藕状多孔结构技术——选区激光烧结，着重说明该技术的基本原理和工艺过程，并利用此制备技术成功获得了藕状多孔试样。利用SEM分析了316不锈钢藕状多孔试样的微观孔隙特征，并测定其孔隙率，结果表明其孔径大小分布均匀（2-4μm），平均孔隙率约为60％，孔隙贯通性良好；初步探讨了选区激光烧结制备316不锈钢藕状多孔结构的成形机制。     

The influence of sulphate-reducing bacteria biofilm on the corrosion of stainless steel AISI 316

This work investigates microbially-influenced corrosion (MIC) of stainless steel AISI 316 by two sulphate-reducing bacteria, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and a local marine isolate. The biofilm and pit morphology that developed with time were analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results were interpreted with an equivalent circuit to model the physicoelectric characteristics of the electrode/biofilm/solution interface. D. desulfuricans formed one biofilm layer on the metal surface, while the marine isolate formed two layers: a biofilm layer and a ferrous sulfide deposit layer. AFM images corroborated results from the EIS modeling which showed biofilm attachment and subsequent detachment over time.     

电磁动态金属粉末注射成型型坯结构性能的研究

利用自行设计的电磁动态注射机DPII-90，对不锈钢金属粉末316L和粘结剂的混合喂料进行稳态和动态注塑成型实验，研究振动参数对金属粉末和粘结剂混合喂料的均匀化和密实机理的影响。实验结果表明，各动态成型条件下的型坯密度明显大于稳态成型条件下的密度。当振动频率（或振幅）不变时，随着振幅（频率）的增大，型坯密度呈非线性增大，达到最大值后缓慢下降，存在一个最佳值。在频率7Hz-10Hz，振幅50μm～150μm的范围内，注射出的型坯密度较高，密实性好。电镜扫描（SEM）发现，金属粉末与粘结剂的分散均匀和完善程度的变化规律和型坯密度随着振幅（频率）的变化规律基本一致。     

Comparative study in chemistry of microbially and electrochemically induced pitting of 316L stainless steel

Ennoblement of stainless steel (SS) by microbially deposited manganese oxides can lead to pitting corrosion at low chloride concentrations, causing unexpected material failures. We exposed 316L SS to manganese oxidizing bacteria Leptothrix discophora under well-defined laboratory conditions, and then placed the ennobled coupons in a 0.5 M sodium chloride solution until pitting developed. Using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy we demonstrated that the pits and their immediate vicinity associated with microbial influenced corrosion had different chemical signatures than those associated with electrochemically induced pitting, suggesting a possibility that the microorganisms were directly involved in pit initiation. Based on the differences in the chemical signatures we were able to distinguish the microbially induced pits from those induced by anodic polarization.     

超音速热喷涂316L合金涂层在实际炼油环境中的冲蚀行为

利用超音速热喷涂技术在碳钢基体上制备出了316L合金涂层，研究了该涂层在实际炼油环境中的冲蚀行为。结果表明：超音速热喷涂316L合金涂层在实际炼油环境中具有非常好的抗冲蚀性能，长期现场挂片后涂层仍保持完整，仅表面有轻微的冲蚀痕迹，涂层表面形成的保护性氧化膜、涂层金属自身良好的耐蚀性以及涂层较高的硬度是其具有优异抗冲蚀性能的主要原因。