Simultaneous enhancement of the efficiency and stability of organic solar cells using PEDOT:PSS grafted with a PEGME buffer layer

We report a simple processing method to simultaneously improve the efficiency and stability of organic solar cells (OSCs). Poly(4-styrene sulfonate)-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene (PEDOT:PSS), widely used as hole transport layer (HTL) in OSCs, tends to accelerate the degradation of devices because of its hygroscopic and acidic properties. In this regard, we have modified PEDOT:PSS to reduce its hygroscopic and acidic properties through a condensation reaction between PEDOT:PSS and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (PEGME) in order to improve the efficiency and stability of OSCs. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) increased by 21%, from 2.57% up to 3.11%. A better energy level alignment by the reduced work function of the modified PEDOT:PSS with a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) is considered the origin of the improved the efficiency. The half-life of OSCs with PEDOT:PSS modified with PEGME buffer layer also increased up to 3.5 times compared to that of devices with pristine PEDOT:PSS buffer layer.     

In-tube condensation of mixture of R134a and ester oil: empirical correlations

This paper presents a comparative study of the condensation heat transfer coefficients in a smooth tube when operating with pure refrigerant R134a and its mixture with lubricant Castrol “icematic sw”. The lubricant is synthetic polyol ester based oil commonly used in lubricating the compressors. Two concentrations of R134a-oil mixtures of 2% and 5% oil (by mass) were analysed for a range of saturation temperatures of refrigerant R134a between 35 °C and 45 °C. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant and the mixtures was carefully maintained at 1 g/s, with a vapour quality varying between 1.0 and 0. The effects of vapour quality, flow rate, saturation temperature and temperature difference between saturation and tube wall on the heat transfer coefficient are investigated by analysing the experimental data. The experimental results were then compared with predictions from earlier models [Int J Heat Mass Transfer (1979), 185; 6th Int Heat Transfer Congress 3 (1974) 309; Int J Refrig 18 (1995) 524; Trans ASME 120 (1998) 193]. Finally two new empirical models were developed to predict the two-phase condensation heat transfer coefficient for pure refrigerant R134a and a mixture of refrigerant R134a with Castrol “icematic sw”.     

天然气超音速分离脱水技术研究进展

超音速分离技术在国外的研究与应用已经成熟,但国内的研究仍处于探索阶段。现已开展了较多的基础性研究和数值模拟研究,其中数值模拟研究主要集中在旋流流动过程、内部流动过程和凝结过程等方面,并取得一定成果,但实验性研究仍然较少,特别是在高压天然气的凝结机理及分离机理方面,未见工业性试验和现场测试试验的报道。在结构设计方面做了大量工作,主要集中在对比性分析和敏感性分析,未提出实质性的结构设计方法和思路。在液滴凝结方面的基础性研究更为少见,目前该过程主要由CNT模型和Gyamathy模型来表征液滴成核、生长过程,实际需根据各修正模型特点选择合适模型用于计算分析。今后的研究需加大入口温压、过饱和度、旋流器安装位置、超音速喷管结构参数等主要因素对凝结过程的影响性研究及高压天然气超音速分离脱液实验性研究,提高气体凝结和气液分离效率,尽早实现国内自主产权的超音速分离器的工业化应用,为空间有限的海上天然气的脱水、脱酸、脱重烃处理及外输提供有效手段。     

二嗪磷缩合工艺研究进展

综述了有机磷杀虫剂二嗪磷的缩合工艺研究进展。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF NUCLEATION PHENOMENA WITHIN THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYERS—INFLUENCE ON CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION RATE PROCESSES

In carrying out partial vapor condensations using actively cooled surfaces it is known that 'mist' formation can occur within thermal boundary layers (Rosner and Epstein, 1968), dramatically modifying total deposition fluxes. Using a combination of flash-evaporation (Rosner and Liang, 1986) and laser probing techniques, we report new experimental results on binary alkali salt (K₂SO₄ + Na₂SO₄) deposition from combustion gases showing that the deposition rate of potassium sulfate first increases with the addition of sodium sulfate until the concentration of Na₂SO₄ reaches a (target surface temperature dependent) 'threshold' value. Further increases in the concentration of Na₂SO₄ dramatically decrease the total deposition rate of K₂SO₄, implying that potassium sulfate-containing microdroplets are formed within the thermal boundary layer, which, despite their thermophoretic drift toward the target, are not collected as effectively as the 'parent' K₂SO₄-vapor species. Laser light scattering measurements clearly reveal that suspended particles exist near the deposition surface under these conditions. Our experimental results on mass transfer rate and light scattering are consistent with those predicted using laminar boundary layer theory (Castillo and Rosner, 1989b) coupling both binary salt vapor deposition with particle vapor scavenging and deposition. Comparisons of our observed mist onset conditions (implying critical supersaturations near unity) with those expected using homogeneous nucleation theory suggest that the binary alkali sulfate mist nucleation mechanism is, instead, heterogeneous, even in our relatively 'clean' combustion products. Because of the; well-known vapor pressure reduction phenomenon associated here with the formation of non-ideal solutions, binary systems are shown to provide convenient 'vehicles' to investigate BL mist formation onset conditions and CVD-rate consequences without requiring the more extreme surface coolings characteristic of unary condensible vapor systems. An understanding of this dramatic phenomenon, obtained via such laboratory experiments and calculations, will allow its inclusion in future deposition rate calculations of engineering importance.     

PVC-FeCl3催化合成糠偶酰

研究了以糠醛为原料，维生素B1(VB1)为催化剂，采用安息香缩合反应合成糠偶姻，通过PVC-FeCl3及醋酸体系将其氧化为糠偶酰，并对中间产物及产物进行结构表征。     

三羟甲基丙烷缩合工艺的研究

介绍了三羟甲基丙烷的缩合反应机理及在缩合反应中所发生的副反应，用反应动力学理论讨论了影响缩合反应的各种因素，并列出了在40L反应釜中所进行的缩合试验结果，提出了缩合的最佳工艺条件，结合国内外生产装置的实际，提出了采用最佳缩合工艺条件所需进行的改造措施，以有效地降低原料消耗和提高产品质量。     

APPLICATION OF LINEARIZED MODELS OF MULTICOMPONENT MASS TRANSFER FOR CALCULATION OF EVAPORATION-CONDENSATION PROCESS IN TERNARY SYSTEMS

Results of calculations based on a linearized multicomponent mass transfer theory developed by Burghardt and Krupiczka are compared with experimental data of Modine for condensation-evaporation process in ternary systems. These data have been obtained for acetone-benzene-nitrogen and acetone-benzene-helium in a welted wall column. Models I and II, which take into account diffusional interactions of components in a mullicomponent mixture show good agreement with the experiments as well as with other calculation methods (Krishna-Standart and Toor-Stewart-Prober). When multicomponent mass transfer occurs in the presence of inert species, a straightforward Model II is recommended. Model I, which is more universal, requires some iterative calculations with respect to the sum of mass fluxes. According to theoretical considerations the latter model is limited to the case of low total mass flux. The results of calculations for the systems studied were reasonably good though the total mass fluxes were not small. The calculation procedure based on the presented linearized models are convergent to the proper solutions in contrast to the Krishna-Standart Model IV which in some cases can be unstable.     

In situ polycondensation of amino acid modified liposomes and their properties

Three amphiphilic amino acids based on glutamic acid, i.e. S-[1-carboxy-2-([N-bistetradecyl- -glutamate]carbon-yl)ethyl]cysteine (1), S-[1-carboxy-2-([N-bishexadecyl- -glutamate]carbonyl)ethyl]cysteine (2), S-[1-carboxy-2-([N-bis-octadecyl- -glutamate]carbonyl)ethyl]cysteine (3), were synthesized. The aggregation behavior of them in water or buffer solution was studied. It was found that upon hydration and sonication in water, they could form stable liposomes. This kind of amino acid modified liposome was then polycondensed locally on the liposome surface to form a polypeptide-surfaced liposome and the peptide formation was detected by Fr-IR, GPC, etc. The effect of polycondensation of amino acid on the properties of liposomes were studied by detecting the phase transition temperatures with DSC or measuring the leakage of the encapsulated fluorescent probe from the liposomes. It was observed that the phase transition temperatures of the peptide liposomes moved down and the polycondensation of amino acid moieties obviously increased the leakage of the encapsulated molecules.     

镁铝复合氧化物催化剂气相法合成异佛尔酮

研究了镁铝复合氧化物存在下的丙酮综合合成异佛尔酮的常压气相反应以及催化剂的制备，考察了催化剂的组成和反应温度等对反应温度等对反应的影响，从而确定了较适于工业化投产的反应条件。