The influence of a seated break on prolonged standing induced low back pain development

With the recent attention to ‘sitting disease’, health practitioners and scientists are promoting standing in the workplace to decrease sedentary time, despite a high prevalence of low back pain (LBP) development during prolonged standing. The purpose of this study was to assess how a seated break inserted between bouts of prolonged standing would influence LBP development, posture and movement. A total of 20 participants stood for 45 minutes, sat for 15 minutes and repeated this sequence while lumbar and thoracic angles were measured, and LBP visual analogue scale reports were taken. Of the sample, 55% participants reported LBP in standing. A stand to sit ratio of 3:1 did not provide lasting recovery of LBP from standing and pain developers utilised a limited range of their lumbar spine angle and increased thoracic extension, resulting in static postures that caused tissue aggravation that was not resolved after 15 minutes of sitting. Prolonged standing in the workplace has the potential to result in LBP for some workers and alternate ways to reduce sedentary time should be investigated.     

高校课桌椅的人性化设计研究

文章运用人机工程学的原理和方法,结合设计心理学、统计学等知识,对高校课桌椅的使用现状及设计存在的主要问题进行分析,对青年大学生这一使用群体进行问卷调查和人体尺寸测量,就高校课桌椅设计对青年大学生的生理、心理产生的影响进行分析,最后从设计参数、材料和结构、色彩三方面介绍高校课桌椅的人性化设计。     

高校课桌椅人体工学尺寸与用户体验研究

目的通过对照国标与实际测量人体尺寸,提出课桌椅设计的合理标准参数。从用户体验角度分析课桌椅的其他问题,并提出一定的改进建议,以期为高校乃至中小学教室课桌椅的设计和选择提供一定的思路。方法通过分析在校大学生的身高数据,对比国家标准判断目前在校大学生的身高状况。通过观察法、问卷调查法调研在校大学生课桌椅使用情况,分析相关的功能需求。以太原工业学院现有课桌椅为实例来对照课桌椅设计标准参数。结果目前课桌椅的国家标准与合理标准参数不一致。目前太原工业学院课桌椅座面高度尺寸符合人体工学,但桌面高度过高,桌面与座面高度差大,容易导致学生坐姿不良,长期使用对脊柱会有影响。且桌面宽度窄,人体胳膊无法舒展,没有足够的学习空间,桌下净空高太低,使用时腿部无法舒展。课桌椅的功能也不十分全面,因此可以考虑适当增加部分功能。结论现有的课桌椅国家标准中部分尺寸不符合人体工学,加工生产部门在实际的设计生产和学校选购定制的过程中应该依照现有人体尺寸数据,尽可能保证学生身心的健康发展。     

基于服务设计理念的学龄前儿童阅览室桌椅用户需求分析

目的 借助服务设计理念与方法对学龄前儿童阅览室桌椅的用户需求进行研究,为以提升用户满意度为目标的产品设计优化提供思路。方法 首先罗列与学龄前儿童阅览室桌椅发生交互的所有利益相关者,并以利益关系地图的形式梳理其内在关系及对设计决策的影响程度。然后通过观察访谈等方法获取利益相关者的原始需求并汇总成用户旅程图,运用KJ法归纳总结为23个需求项。接着借助Kano模型调研问卷获取学龄前儿童阅览室场景中近千位受访者的需求满意度评价数据,量化分析各需求项的归类属性。最后以Better–Worse系数计算需求项的优先级并逐一产出其相对应的设计策略。结论 通过相对科学完整的用户需求观察、提取、筛选、排序研究,为学龄前儿童阅览室桌椅设计提供必要的数据支撑。     

学前期儿童课桌椅尺寸研究

目的 以儿童家具市场缺乏对学龄前儿童不同年龄层次生理及心理差异的认知为背景,研究适合于幼儿园大班儿童的教室桌椅尺寸.方法 运用调查法、比较分析法等科学研究方法,收集了中国5岁儿童的坐姿肩高、坐姿肘高、腘高、大腿厚度、臀部宽度、臀—腘长度等的主要人体测量学信息,引用学生身体尺寸与学校家具之间的匹配方程式,运算得出幼儿园大班教室桌椅的坐高、坐深、坐宽、靠背上边缘高、座—桌间隙高、座—桌面高6种主要功能尺寸的推荐尺度范围,并将推荐尺寸与现有桌椅尺寸进行对比.结论 分析了现有桌椅普遍存在坐高过高、坐深过深、坐宽不足、座—桌面高度过高,且靠背高度随意性大等问题,这些问题已对儿童身体健康造成了负面影响.本研究的研究结果为家具制造商及设计师提供了数据参考,让儿童家具设计更加科学合理.     

坐具形式的演变对我国人居饮食的影响

以席地而坐到垂足而坐的演变为启示,分析了坐具形式在不同历史时期形式与不同文化内涵之间相互交融的过程,论述了坐具累积并演变的过程,分析其特有的中国传统文化特征。在此基础上提出作为人类文明与生活实践产物的坐具,其形式的变化发展对人们的坐姿、饮食习惯、器皿造型、书写姿势、室内陈设以及建筑空间产生的深远影响。     

Modifying the classroom environment to increase standing and reduce sitting

A reduction in sedentary behaviour (e.g. the length of time spent sitting) may prevent or reverse childhood obesity. The effectiveness of a ‘dynamic classroom’ environment in increasing standing and reducing sitting time in children was determined. A controlled trial with 26 (n?=?18 intervention) New Zealand children (aged 9.8?±?0.4 years; mean?±?SD) was conducted. The intervention class received height-appropriate workstations for 22 weeks while the control class retained traditional desks and chairs. Children's sitting and standing were measured at three time points (baseline, week 5, week 9). Pain, inattention and hyperactivity were also assessed. At week 22, qualitative data were collected via a focus group and an interview and analyzed using the thematic framework. Mean differences were interpreted using standardized magnitude thresholds. On weekdays (during waking hours) there was on average a large increase in overall standing, 55 minutes per day over nine weeks of intervention compared with the control classroom. Children's overall sitting time reduced, but the changes were small. There were no substantial differences between the control and intervention classrooms in pain and inattention-hyperactivity mean scores. Children enjoyed working at the height-appropriate standing workstations. Teachers were supportive of the dynamic classroom environment. Height-appropriate standing workstations can be successfully integrated into classrooms to increase overall standing and decrease sitting time.     

嵌入式数字课桌进入校园

在巴西,嵌入式数字课桌以其动态的交互式界面和海量信息传载,已经取代传统课桌遍布校园,并得到了广泛应用。