Condensing Heat Transfer in Steam-Water Condensing-injector

An experiment on the direct heat transfer process between supersonic steam and subcooled water jet was performed, using a steam-water condensing-injector. Photographic observation provided information on the state of flow, and establishment of a critical separate steam-water flow was confirmed. The temperature and pressure distributions along the flow were measured and the effective coefficients of condensing heat transfer were evaluated from the observed data, based on a model embodying an idealized interface between vapor and liquid. In the vicinity of the water nozzle exit, where the vapor-liquid interface was distinct, the heat transfer coefficients obtained were 14–28 (cal/°C.cm².sec), and some correlation was observed among Nusselt, Reynolds and Jakob numbers, upon adopting the velocity and the physical properties of the steam phase. The relations Nu=6.0.Re ^0.9(Pr=1.04–1.10), and Re=1.8×10⁸.Ja ^3.0, i.e., Nu=1.6×10⁸.Ja ^2.7 were derived as a rough estimation. No clear correlation could be discerned in the corresponding data obtained from observation points further downstream, where a distinct steam-water interface no longer existed. In conclusion, it is proposed that, in deriving the correlations between Nu and Re or Ja, the physical properties of the vapor and the vapor-liquid relative velocity should be adopted, on account of the strong dependence of condensing heat transfer on steam velocity and water subcooling.     

Phase change characteristics of ethylene glycol solution‐based nanofluids for subzero thermal energy storage

Nanofluids, particularly water‐based nanofluids, have been extensively studied as liquid–solid phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage (TES). In this study, nanofluids with aqueous ethylene glycol (EG) solution as the base fluid are proposed as a novel PCM for cold thermal energy storage. Nanofluids were prepared by dispersing 0.1–0.4 wt% TiO₂ nanoparticles into 12, 22, and 34 vol.% EG solutions. The dispersion stability of the nanofluids was evaluated by Turbiscan Lab. The liquid–solid phase change characteristics of the nanofluids were also investigated. Phase change temperature (PCT), nucleation temperature, and half freezing time (HFT) were investigated in freezing experiments. Subcooling degree and HFT reduction were then calculated. Latent heat of solidification was measured using differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal conductivity was determined using the hot disk thermal constant analyzer. Experimental results show that the nanoparticles decreased the PCT of 34 vol.% EG solution but minimally influenced the PCT of 12 and 22 vol.% EG solutions. For all nanofluids, the nanoparticles decreased the subcooling degree, HFT, and latent heat but increased the thermal conductivity of the EG solutions. The mechanism of the improvement of the phase change characteristics and decrease in latent heat by the nanoparticles was discussed. The nanoparticles simultaneously served as nucleating agent that induced crystal nucleation and as impurities that disturbed the growth of water crystals in EG solution‐based nanofluids. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低压高过冷度下自然循环流动不稳定性实验研究

对具有长直上升段的自然循环系统，开展了流动不稳定性实验研究。同时，详细分析了低压、高入口过冷度条件下典型的流动不稳定现象。实验表明：自然循环系统的结构、流体的热边界条件会影响自然循环的运行特性及流动不稳定性类型。较高入口过冷度下，高热流密度导致系统脱离稳态后，很难重新回到稳定的两相自然循环流动状态。随着热流密度的提高，系统会经历间歇沸腾、复合动态流动不稳定性等状态。依据实验结果得到了高入口过冷度下的不稳定性边界图。在两相振荡期间，自然循环驱动压头和回路阻力的主要影响因素集中在长直上升段和加热段。加热段出口积聚的大量气泡对上、下游流体的强烈挤压作用是流量大幅振荡及逆流的主要原因。     

人工神经网络在预测流动沸腾曲线中的应用

选用20世纪60年代以来的实验数据，应用人工神经网络分析入口欠热度、质量流速、压力等主要参数对沸腾曲线的影响。在整个传热区内，热流密度随入口欠热度的增加而增大；在过渡沸腾和膜态沸腾区，热流密度随质量流速的增加而增加；压力起重要的作用，除膜态沸腾区外，增加压力能强化传热。除泡核沸腾外，稳态和瞬态的流动沸腾曲线的差异很小。     

Vapour phase motion in cryogenic systems containing superheated and subcooled liquids

The development of vent pipelines, and venting storage tanks for cryogenic liquids requires the knowledge of the law of motion as well as regularities of vapour content variation in the liquid and heat dissipation by the vapour phase. This is a theoretical study of the effect of superheating (subcooling) of the liquid, relative acceleration and reduced pressure upon the size and velocity of noninteracting vapour bubbles, moving in the liquid, and upon their resistance and heat transfer coefficients.     

过冷却回路对多联机性能的影响

本文实验研究了过冷却回路对多联机制冷和制热性能的影响,并提出多联机过冷却回路的控制策略。结果表明:室内、外机之间的配管越长、负荷率越大及室外机入口水温越高,过冷却回路对多联机制冷量和EER的优化潜力越大;过冷却回路对制热量和制热COP均无显著影响。提出将室外机模块出口过冷度、压缩机排气温度和过冷却换热器节流侧出口过热度作为过冷却回路的开启判据和控制目标参数。     

基于模块化过冷解除的冰浆制取系统实验研究

过冷水法动态冰浆制取技术具有传热效率高、系统简单等优点,但过冷却器易发生冰堵是影响其稳定性的突出问题。本文提出一种基于模块化过冷解除装置的动态制冰系统,利用设置在过冷却器内的可灵活拆装式螺旋叶片对制冰溶液进行过冷解除,同时刮削换热壁面上粘附的冰晶。测试了不同工况下该制冰系统的性能,结果表明该制冰系统可稳定产出冰浆并有效改善冰堵问题,最高含冰率达9.1%,最大持续制冰时间可达521 s。冰浆含冰率与持续制冰时间成正比。NaCl添加剂质量分数为6%时对冰浆含冰率和持续制冰时间的改善效果显著。实验获得制冰系统最佳运行参数:制冰溶液体积流量为0.50 m^3/h、二次冷媒起始温度为-15℃、螺旋叶片转速为175~225 r/min。     

机械过冷跨临界CO_2热泵供暖系统性能分析

采用辅助的蒸气压缩循环进行过冷,可改善传统跨临界CO_2热泵系统用于冬季供暖性能。本文通过构建机械过冷跨临界CO_2热泵系统的热力模型,分析了机械过冷跨临界CO_2热泵系统供暖工况下的运行特性,结果表明:机械过冷CO_2热泵系统存在最大COP,对应最优排气压力和过冷度,标准工况下比常规CO_2系统能效提高15.9%。该系统可有效解决常规CO_2热泵回水温度过高导致COP迅速衰减的问题,当回水温度由40℃升至50℃时,常规系统COP下降16.9%,而机械过冷热泵系统COP仅下降8.4%。通过改进可有效降低CO_2压缩机的排气压力和温度,且供水温度越低排气压力降低效果越显著。机械过冷循环工质的选取会影响系统整体性能,选取的11种过冷循环工质中能效最高的为R717,最低的为R1234yf。在低环境温度工况下性能的提升更加明显,通过配置小型常规工质蒸气压缩循环即可实现CO_2热泵系统性能显著改进,经济性优势明显。     

耦合双循环冰箱运行参数与耗电量实验研究

本文研究了耦合双回路冰箱样机在不同工作状态下的运行参数,同时在标准工况下测量了系统耗电量,并与现有产品进行对比。结果表明:系统在耦合运行后,冷藏循环负荷增加导致两台样机冷藏循环的冷凝压力比耦合前分别上升23 k Pa和40k Pa,蒸发压力比耦合前分别上升18 k Pa和32 k Pa,同时还造成冷凝器和蒸发器出口温度的上升;耦合运行对于冷冻循环的影响主要表现在冷凝压力及冷凝器出口过冷度的下降。其中样机Ⅰ冷冻循环的冷凝压力下降27 k Pa,过冷度下降1. 4℃。样机Ⅱ由于独立运行时冷凝器出口过冷度较小,耦合运行后冷凝压力下降超过160 k Pa,导致冷凝压力低于环境温度对应的饱和压力,冷凝器中没有潜热交换。标准条件下的耗电量实验表明,耦合双循环冰箱系统比改造前的传统冰箱系统节能8%。     

蓄能式商用数码多联机组的设计研究

设计了一款新型过冷式变制冷剂流量的多联系统。分析了该系统的原理、结构和设计思路,并对比了非蓄冷系统与蓄冷系统之间的制冷能力、制冷效率和过冷度之间的区别。经济性分析表明该系统的回收年限少于3年。