日本超高温结构用金属材料的研究现状

简要介绍了日本围绕燃气轮机用关键超高温金属结构材料所展开的研究开发工作,包括Ni基超合金、耐热金属间化合物、Nb基超合金及其复合材料。Ni基超合金仍是当前燃气轮机用超高温结构的主要材料,但其使用温度的上升潜力已经不多,用新的超高温材料替代Ni基超合金是燃气轮机用材的发展趋势,金属材料中耐热金属间化合物和Nb基复合材料是今后关注的焦点。     

动力学法晶粒细化技术的进展及在高温合金中的应用

晶粒细化是一种提高高温合金低周疲劳性能的有效方法,因而细晶铸造技术成为高温合金的重要研究方向。本文简要介绍了动力学法晶粒细化技术的原理和特点,综述了动力学法晶粒细化技术的工艺方法及其在高温合金中的国内外研究现状,对高温合金动力学法晶粒细化技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

高温合金电磁成形定向凝固柱状晶组织及形成条件

研究高温合金电磁成形定向凝固柱状晶组织及其形成条件的结果表明,①电磁成形中熔体下固/液界面处温度场近一维分布,获得了柱状晶组织;②电磁成形高温合金样件具有间断迹象的定向胞晶组织;③给定其他条件后,电磁成形过程中不同形状、尺寸的样件熔体平直固液界面开始出现下凹的临界凝固速率具有不同的特定值。在相同凝固速率条件下,大尺寸样件的固液界面更容易出现下凹。     

Double oxide film defects in Ni-based super-alloy castings

A new class of defects has been recently discovered, which are regarded as double oxide film defects. In this study, a number of Ni-based vacuum-cast test bars were investigated. The fractures in the broken test bars were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy （SEM）. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy （EDS）, as well as Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy （WDS） were used to characterize the chemical elements of the fracture＇s surface. Observation by SEM revealed the presence of inclusions identified as films that appeared to have initiated the growth of carbides. This study has added to the evidence that oxide film defects do exist in Ni-based super-alloy in certain vacuum casting conditions. It provides a reference for researchers＇ further study on the defects, and provides a possible direction for researchers to improve casting technology so as to remove these defects.     

Tool wear mechanisms in the machining of Nickel based super-alloys: A review

Nickel based super-alloys are widely employed in aircraft engines and gas turbines due to their high temperature strength, corrosion resistance and, excellent thermal fatigue properties. Conversely, these alloys are very difficult to machine and cause rapid wear of the cutting tool, frequent tool changes are thus required resulting in low economy of the machining process. This study provides a detailed review of the tool wear mechanism in the machining of nickel based super-alloys. Typical tool wear mechanisms found by different researchers are analyzed in order to find out the most prevalent wear mechanism affecting the tool life. The review of existing works has revealed interesting findings about the tool wear mechanisms in the machining of these alloys. Adhesion wear is found to be the main phenomenon leading to the cutting tool wear in this study.     

Effect of γ' formation and strengthening elements on microstructures and stress rupture property of single crystal super-alloys

An investigation was carried out to study the effects of γ' formation and strengthening elements (Al, Ti and Ta) on the microstructure and stress rupture properties of nickel base single crystal super-alloys.The results show that with the increase of γ' formation and strengthening elements, the percentage of γ-γ' eutectic and the misfit degree of γ/γ' increases.Detailed microstructural analysis revealed that with the increase of γ' forming element content, the morphology of γ' changed from spherical to cubic, then irregular shape; and the size of γ' increases gradually.Excessive γ' formation and strengthening elements will lead to the precipitation of μ phase during stress rupture tests.The alloy with 5wt.%Al, 1wt.%Ti and 6wt.%Ta has the best stress rupture property.     

镍基高温合金铸件中的双氧化膜缺陷分析

铸件中的双氧化膜缺陷是典型的二维缺陷,面积在平方毫米级而厚度却是微米级,它不在x射线测量范围内,也不在超声波检测范围内,常规方法不易检测到这些缺陷.本研究中通过对镍基高温合金试棒断口扫描电镜观察,应用能谱、波谱仪测量观察点的化学元素,判定该区域是否为氧化物.扫描电镜观察结果揭示了膜状氧化物的存在.本研究证明了在一定的真空铸造条件下镍基高温合金铸件中存在氧化膜,为该缺陷的进一步研究提供了参考,也为如何消除该缺陷指出了方向.     

Inner and outer pressure forming of nickel based super-alloy thin-walled part with variable diameter sections

A novel forming method of nickel based super-alloy thin-walled part with variable diameter sections was proposed by using inner and outer pressure with the visco-elasto-plastic pressure-carrying medium at room temperature, and the principle of the method was provided. Experiments and FE simulations were carried out to analyze the deformation characteristics for the part with larger variable diameter ratio （35%）. The results show that visco-elasto-plastic pressure-carrying medium can meet the requirements of the room-temperature deformation condition for nickel based super-alloy sheet. The inner and outer pressure forming with the visco-elasto-plastic pressure-carrying medium can meet the requirements of dimensional accuracy for the thin-walled part with variable diameter sections. The thinning of wall-thickness is less than 4%. This method provides a new approach for near-net shape forming of nickel based super-alloy thin-walled parts with variable diameter sections.     

FGH95粉末高温合金裂纹闭合数值模拟

夹杂、温度和远场应力是影响粉末高温合金材料断裂性能的重要因素.本文建立了考虑裂纹面接触的含夹杂裂纹体有限元模型,计算了夹杂、温度和远场应力对裂纹闭合的影响.计算结果分析表明:当夹杂与基体未脱开时,夹杂对裂纹的张开应力几乎没有影响,而裂开的夹杂可显著提高裂纹的张开应力;均匀的温度场能显著降低裂纹的张开应力;远场应力越大,裂纹张开应力越大.     

镍基高温合金疲劳多裂纹扩展规律研究

采用光滑单边缺口小裂纹试样模拟了多裂纹的扩展情况,利用复型技术和光学显微镜观测了裂纹形态演化全过程,并初步分析了高温疲劳多裂纹的演化规律.结果表明:应力集中条件下的高温疲劳裂纹扩展主要是单裂系统破坏,随着温度升高,裂纹逐渐变为多裂系统;提高应力水平或升高温度,缺口表面典型区域萌生的小裂纹条数都将增多,平均裂纹长度都有所增大.