Alternatives to standard hemodialysis

Survival of patients on hemodialysis remains poor, but the benefits of increasing urea clearance have probably been maximized within our current treatment schedules. Long dialysis sessions (8 hr) produce impressive outcomes, with mortality 53% to 55% lower than conventional schedules. Even increasing from 4 to 5 hr may improve survival. Increased frequency of dialysis (6 times weekly) produces impressive reductions in left ventricular mass and could conceivably be implemented in‐center. Preliminary data suggest a 61% reduction in mortality with increased frequency. Nightly dialysis combines longer sessions with increased frequency and has produced remarkable clinical gains in blood pressure, left ventricular mass, serum phosphate, and sleep apnea. However, the data are mainly from case series and impact on mortality remains unknown. Expansion of home hemodialysis would be necessary for this modality to grow. Convective therapies remove middle molecules more effectively, and observational data suggest hemodiafiltration has the potential to improve mortality by 35% to 36%. Hemodiafiltration has the advantage of being relatively easy to implement. The uremic milieu is complex and further investigation of the underlying pathophysiology is needed to inform future dialysis interventions. The survival data above are from observational studies, and hence benefits are likely to be exaggerated. Randomized trials of dialysis interventions are desperately needed. They remain difficult to perform, because of the complexity of both the patient population and the interventions, and because of limited available funding.     

山西省孝义市近40年气候变化特征分析

为了深入研究山西省孝义市气候变化特征,采用Mann-Kendall检验、滑动T检验及Morlet小波变换等方法对孝义市1975-2015年气候要素进行趋势估计、突变检验、周期分析及发展趋势预测。结果表明:近40年来,孝义市年平均气温呈显著上升趋势,突变年份为1996年,存在32、9 a长周期;年降雨量呈不显著下降趋势,突变年份为1990年,存在32、6 a长周期;年蒸发量呈显著性上升趋势,突变年份为1997年,存在32、10 a长周期;年平均相对湿度呈显著下降趋势,突变年份为1982、2003年,存在15、32 a长周期。孝义市1975-2015年年代际气候经历了"冷湿-暖湿-暖干"的变化过程,预测全境2017-2030年年代际气候将经历"冷湿-暖干"的变化过程。     

BNs-OLS-SARIMA对城市短时交通流的预测*

通过在目标路口构建贝叶斯交通网（BNs）,并对与此交通网相关的交通流建立非平稳季节（SARIMA）模型,采用最小二乘法（OLS）取得相应模型的最佳权重组合,对缺失数据下的城市道路短时交通流进行预测。使用重庆市某路口的交通流数据对模型进行检测,通过多种预测指标对结果进行对比分析,结果表明BNs-OLS-SARIMA把交通流的网络结构与其周期性结合在一起,对短时交通流有良好的预测效果。     

Diel rhythms of calling behavior and pheromone production of oriental tobacco budworm moth,Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Both calling behavior and titer of (Z)-9-hexadecenal (Z9-16: Al), the major sex pheromone component ofHelicoverpa assulta, in pheromone glands showed distinct diel periodicity, and these two were synchronous. Calling was most actively performed and the pheromone titer reached a maximum from 2 to 6 h after lights-off. During photophase, no calling was shown and only a relatively small amount of Z9-16:A1 was detected. However, there was a time lag of a few days between peak calling activity and maximum pheromone titer. The pheromone titer was maximal from age 1 day to age 5 days and thereafter decreased while calling was most actively performed after age 3 days. Titers of three minor components, hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate, showed similar daily fluctuation patterns to that of Z9-16:Al, but relative to the titer of Z9-16:Al, the titer of the two aldehyde components remained relatively constant whereas that ofZ9-16:Ac increased in the late scotophase.     

撞击式气流床气化炉压力波动的周期性分析

在双喷嘴对置气流床气化炉热模平台上,对炉内压力波动特性进行了试验研究。把小波变换和FFT相结合,验证了R/S分析方法是测量气化炉压力波动周期性的有力工具。采用R/S分析计算出Hurst指数,说明气流床气化炉内的压力波动具有分形特征,同时发现压力波动存在周期成分,从统计意义上计算出压力波动频率为0.067 Hz。用小波变换进行滤波后,再对低频信号进行FFT,得出主频约为0.053 Hz,二种方法结果吻合得比较好。用高速摄像仪对气化火焰拍照,并用“乘法串级过程”思想,解释了压力波动产生机理。     

On computational homogenization of microscale crack propagation

The effective response of microstructures undergoing crack propagation is studied by homogenizing the response of statistical volume elements (SVEs). Because conventional boundary conditions (Dirichlet, Neumann and strong periodic) all are inaccurate when cracks intersect the SVE boundary, we herein use first order homogenization to compare the performance of these boundary conditions during the initial stage of crack propagation in the microstructure, prior to macroscopic localization. Using weakly periodic boundary conditions that lead to a mixed formulation with displacements and boundary tractions as unknowns, we can adapt the traction approximation to the problem at hand to obtain better convergence with increasing SVE size. In particular, we show that a piecewise constant traction approximation, which has previously been shown to be efficient for stationary cracks, is more efficient than the conventional boundary conditions in terms of convergence also when crack propagation occurs on the microscale. The performance of the method is demonstrated by examples involving grain boundary crack propagation modelled by conventional cohesive interface elements as well as crack propagation modelled by means of the extended finite element method in combination with the concept of material forces. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

An integer program and a hybrid genetic algorithm for the university timetabling problem

The university timetabling problem (UTP) has been studied by numerous research groups for decades. In addition to addressing hard and soft constraints, we extend the UTP by considering consecutiveness and periodicity constraints of multi-session lectures, which are common in many eastern Asian universities. Because schedulers can decide the consecutiveness and periodicity constraints for the multi-session lectures within a limited ratio, we consider these novel decision variables in our model. We develop a mixed integer linear program for the UTP. For the analysis, we convert the UTP into the three-dimensional container packing problem (3DCPP) and create a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA), which has been shown to be efficient in solving the 3DCPP. We also develop a tabu search algorithm based on the existing UTP literature and compare the findings with that of our HGA. The results show that our HGA obtains a better solution than the tabu search algorithm in a reasonable amount of time.     

基于鲁棒PCA聚类分析的径流周期特性研究

为了研究多年来河流天然径流的变化周期,引入鲁棒PCA(Principal Component Analysis)方法实现大量非线性流量数据的压缩和特征提取,得到了更具表征性的主成分,在此基础上提出了基于加权主成分距离和密度的径流聚类分析方法和径流周期特性分析的模糊模式识别算法.通过嘉陵江支流白龙江下游的三磊坝水文站1964~2002年周平均流量数据的实验和仿真,得出了该站径流具有7年的显著周期和相应的隶属度,从而证明了本文提出的基于鲁棒PCA聚类分析的径流周期特性研究方法具有较好的适用性.     

奇数次复Clifford代数的不可约表示

在数学和数学物理的研究领域中 ,Clifford代数起着重要的作用。有关复 Clifford代数的许多重要应用来源于复 Clifford代数的不可约表示。然而 ,周期性同构现象是复 Clifford代数中的一个重要特性 ,利用有关复 Clifford代数周期性定理的结果 ,本文作者得到了奇数次复 Clifford代数的不可约表示     

角色指派的时间描述

用户角色指派关系是基于角色的访问控制系统中的核心关系之一,用户角色指派关系的定义方法对整个系统的访问控制性能具有直接的影响。本文使用时间特性描述了用户角色指派关系,使用户在系统中的活动具有严格的时间约束,提高了系统的安全性。