Knowledge-Based Virtual Modeling and Simulation of Manufacturing Processes for Industry 4.0

Abstract

Industry 4.0 aims at providing a digital representation of a production landscape, but the challenges in building, maintaining, optimizing, and evolving digital models in inter-organizational production chains have not been identified yet in a systematic manner. In this paper, various Industry 4.0 research and technical challenges are addressed, and their present scenario is discussed. Moreover, in this article, the novel concept of developing experience-based virtual models of engineering entities, process, and the factory is presented. These models of production units, processes, and procedures are accomplished by virtual engineering object (VEO), virtual engineering process (VEP), and virtual engineering factory (VEF), using the knowledge representation technique of Decisional DNA. This blend of the virtual and physical domains permits monitoring of systems and analysis of data to foresee problems before they occur, develop new opportunities, prevent downtime, and even plan for the future by using simulations. Furthermore, the proposed virtual model concept not only has the capability of Query Processing and Data Integration for Industrial Data but also real-time visualization of data stream processing.     

RESERVOIR PROPERTIES OF BARREMIAN – APTIAN URGONIAN LIMESTONES,SE FRANCE,PART 1: INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURAL HISTORY ON POROSITY-PERMEABILITY VARIATIONS

Upper Barremian – Lower Aptian inner platform “Urgonian” limestones in the Mont de Vaucluse region, SE France, consist of alternating metre-scale microporous and tight intervals. This paper focuses on the influence of structural deformation on the reservoir properties of the Urgonian limestone succession in a study area near the town of Rustrel. Petrographic, petrophysical and structural data were recovered from five fully-cored boreholes, from the walls of a 100 m long underground tunnel, and from a 50 m long transect at a nearby outcrop. The data allowed reservoir property variations in the Urgonian limestones to be studied from core to reservoir scale. Eleven Reservoir Rock Types (RRTs) were identified based on petrographic features (texture, grain size), reservoir properties (porosity, permeability), and the frequency of structural discontinuities such as fractures, faults and stylolites. Tight and microporous reservoir rock types were distinguished. Tight reservoir rock types were characterised by early cementation of intergranular pore spaces and by the presence of frequent structural discontinuities. By contrast microporous reservoir rock types contained preserved intragranular microporosity and matrix permeability, but had very few structural discontinuities. Observed vertical alternations of microporous and tight rock types are interpreted to have been controlled by the early diagenesis of the Urgonian carbonates. Deformation associated with regional-scale tectonic phases, including Albian – Cenomanian “Durancian” uplift (∼105 to 96 Ma) and Pyrenean compression (∼55 to 25 Ma), resulted in the modification of the initial petrophysical properties of the Urgonian limestones. An early diagenetic imprint conditioned both the intensity of structural deformations and the associated circulations of diagenetic and meteoric fluids. Evolution of the Reservoir Rock Types is therefore linked both to the depositional conditions and to subsequent phases of structural deformation.     

网络安全等级保护测评中测评结论的度量方法优化

文章分析了网络安全等级保护2.0时期国家标准的新变化对等级测评结论可能产生的影响,并用实际案例和数据论述了以往描述的基于测评指标和基于测评对象的定量分析方法存在的局限性。根据网络安全等级保护国家标准结构和内容的新特点,结合新的等级测评结论表述方法,文章提出了调整和优化定量计算产生等级测评结论的思路,给出了缺陷扣分的原理和缺陷扣分的定量计算方法,并比较了各种定量计算方法在计算结果上的差异,提出了适合新标准的测评结论定量计算公式。     

Optoelectronic Method of Noncontacting Reconstruction of the Profile of a Surface of Three Dimensional Objects of Large Dimensions

An optoelectronic method is considered for noncontacting reconstruction of the surface profile of three-dimensional objects of large dimensions. The optimal conditions for performing measurements are identified. It is shown that the proposed method, in contrast to the already known methods, does not require fine tuning of the equipment. A numerical method is given for compensating distortions caused by aberrations. A method is described for reconstructing the surface profile cell by cell which increases the accuracy of measurements.     

注水吞吐开发低渗透裂缝油藏探讨

室内油层岩心驱替实验研究结果表明，注水吞吐采油技术可发挥油层毛管力吸水排油作用，实现水驱，能有效地补充地层能量，恢复地层压力。通过多周期的注水吞吐开发，逐渐扩大水驱波厦半径，提高驱替效率。油层润湿性和渗透率是影响注水吞吐开发效果的主要因素。该技术简单易行，在头台油田实施后，效果十分显著，对同类油藏的开发真有指导意义。     

柳沟庄—窟窿山油藏储集层裂缝类型及特征

根据岩心描述、薄片观察、X－CT扫描以及钻井、测井等资料，研究了酒西盆地青西坳陷柳沟庄－窟窿山油藏裂缝性储集层的类型及特征，分析了控制裂缝发育的地质因素及裂缝对油气的控制作用，认为储集层裂缝有3种基本类型，即构造裂缝、构造熔蚀缝和饼状破裂，主要受构造应力场及构造位置等因素的控制。根据裂缝形态、充填特征及其相互关系，裂缝的形成主要有3个期次，其中喜马拉雅运动晚期形成的第三期理解缝对油气运移和聚集最有效。研究结果表明，裂缝是柳沟庄－窟窿山油藏主要的储集空间和控制油气富集的因素。     

欠平衡钻井技术及其应用与发展

着重介绍了欠平衡钻井的适用范围、关键技术、特殊工具、钻井工艺要求以及一些在古潜山大缝裂缝性储层中的应用实例,并对欠平衡钻井技术的发展进行了展望。这对国内进一步开展欠平衡钻井技术工作(特别是对于古潜山大缝裂缝性储层)具有一定的借鉴之处。     

Object-oriented DBMS requirements

The requirements on an object-oriented DBMS for management of information in a large, complex enterprise are presented. These requirements aid in the achievement of an environment characterized by data sharing, open architectures, application and data portability, and assurance of data integrity. They were defined from the point of view of a user of the DBMS; therefore they describe the expected functionality of the DBMS and do not specify the method of implementation to achieve this functionality. They encompass requirements on the data model, query and data manipulation languages, the system architecure, interfaces to the system, change management, and transaction management.     

利用地震资料研究ZJD地区泥岩、泥灰岩裂缝的分布规律

从地层的异常孔隙流体压力、局部构造形变、断裂作用等多方面分析了ZJD地区裂缝的成因机理。利用地震资料确立了该区地层层速度与地层压力之间的函数关系。并运用异常孔隙流体压力、地层曲率和相干体等技术对该区裂缝性储层的平面分布规律进行研究，预测了该区主要的裂缝发育区带。     

裂缝性油气藏采收率：100个裂缝性油气田实例的经验总结

通过对世界上100个裂缝性油气藏的综合评价，研究储集层及流体本身的性质(包括孔隙度、渗透率、黏度、可动油比例、含水饱和度、润湿性及裂缝分布特征等)和驱动机制及油藏管理战略(优化日产量和采用不同类型的提高采收率技术)对其最终采收率的影响。将裂缝性油气藏分为4类：I类的基质几乎没有孔隙度和渗透率，裂缝是储存空间和流体流动的通道；Ⅱ类的基质有较低的孔隙度和渗透率，基质提供储存空间，裂缝提供流动通道；Ⅲ类(微孔隙)的基质具有高孔隙度和低渗透率，基质提供储存空间，裂缝提供流动通道；Ⅳ类(大孔隙)的基质具有高的孔隙度和渗透率，基质提供储存空间和流动通道，裂缝仅增加渗透率。对26个Ⅱ类油气藏和20个Ⅲ类油气藏的开采历史的研究表明：Ⅱ类油气藏的采收率受水驱强度和最优日产量控制，日产量过高会很容易破坏Ⅱ类油气藏，一些Ⅱ类油气藏如果管理得当，采收率可以很高，不需要二次或三次采油；Ⅲ类油气藏的采收率主要受岩石和流体本身性质的影响，特别是基质渗透率、流体重度、润湿性以及裂缝强度等，不进行二次或三次采油不可能完全开采，往往需要采用一些提高采收率的专门技术。以往将Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类裂缝性油气藏归为一类，认识它们的区别将有助于选择更好的开发策略。