Modeling and control for a Gough‐Stewart platform CNC machine

In this paper, a complete dynamic model on task space for a 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) Gough‐Stewart platform‐type computer numerical control (CNC) machine is derived. The rotation terms of the legs are included for those inertia effects cannot be negligible in the machine tool applications. The formulation derived by means of the Euler‐Lagrange method is convenient for designing the adaptive control law. Also, the average‐type force model for end milling process is derived and included in the dynamic model and control. A composite adaptive control scheme is developed by use of filtering dynamics technique. An appropriate estimator gain is designed in the parameter adaptation law that is useful for estimating the selected important cutting parameters. Experimental results verify the proposed adaptive control scheme can achieve good tracking performance. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Envelope pulsed ultrasonic distance measurement system based upon amplitude modulation and phase modulation

A novel microcomputer-based ultrasonic distance measurement system is presented. This study proposes an efficient algorithm which combines both the amplitude modulation (AM) and the phase modulation (PM) of the pulse-echo technique. The proposed system can reduce error caused by inertia delay and amplitude attenuation effect when using the AM and PM envelope square wave form (APESW). The APESW ultrasonic driving wave form causes a phase inversion phenomenon in the relative wave form of the receiver. The phase inversion phenomenon sufficiently identifies the "measurement pulse" in the received wave forms, which can be used for accurate time-of-flight (TOF) measurement. In addition, combining a countertechnique to compute the phase shifts of the last cycle for TOF, the presented system can obtain distance resolution of 0.1% of the wavelength corresponding to the 40 kHz frequency of the ultrasonic wave. The standard uncertainty of the proposed distance measurement system is found to be 0.2 mm at a range of 50-500 mm. The APESW signal generator and phase detector of this measuring system are designed on a complex programmable logic device, which is used to govern the TOF measurement and send the data to a personal computer for distance calibration and examination. The main advantages of this APESW system are high resolution, low cost, narrow bandwidth requirement, and ease of implementation.     

Numerical life prediction method for fatigue failure of rubber-like material under repeated loading condition

Predicting fatigue life by numerical methods was almost impossible in the field of rubber materials. One of the reasons is that there is not obvious fracture criteria caused by non-standardization of material and excessively various way of mixing process. But, tearing energy as fracture factor can be applied to a rubber-like material regardless of different types of fillers, relative to other fracture factors and the crack growth process of rubber could be considered as the whole fatigue failure process by the existence of potential defects in industrial rubber components. This characteristic of fatigue failure could make it possible to predict the fatigue life of rubber components in theoretical way. FESEM photographs of the surface of industrial rubber components were analyzed for verifying the existence and distribution of potential defects. For the prediction of fatigue life, theoretical way of evaluating tearing energy for the general shape of test-piece was proposed. Also, algebraic expression for the prediction of fatigue life was derived from the rough cut growth rate equation and verified by comparing with experimental fatigue lives of dumbbell fatigue specimen in various loading condition.     

Numerical analysis of welding residual stress using heat source models for the multi-pass weldment

Numerical prediction of welding-induced residual stresses using the finite element method has been a common practice in the development or refinement of welded product designs. Various researchers have studied several thermal models associated with the welding process. Among these thermal models, ramp heat input and double-ellipsoid moving source have been investigated. These heat-source models predict the temperature fields and history with or without accuracy. However, these models can predict the thermal characteristics of the welding process that influence the formation of the inherent plastic strains, which ultimately determines the final state of residual stresses in the weldment. The magnitude and distribution of residual stresses are compared. Although the two models predict similar magnitude of the longitudinal stress, the double-ellipsoid moving source model predicts wider tensile stress zones than the other one. And, both the ramp heating and moving source models predict the stress results in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.     

Analytical solutions of the first three frequency shifts of AFM non-uniform probe subjected to the Lennard-Jones force

The role of higher cantilever modes is important to obtain some material contrast. The analysis of AFM subjected to a short-range force can improve greatly the studies of surface topography and interaction energies and interaction forces, especially for chemical and biological materials. When the tip-sample distance is in the order of inter-atomic spacing, the short-range tip-sample force is usually simulated by the Lennard-Jones model. In this study, the analytical method to determine the frequency shift of AFM subjected to the Lennard-Jones force is proposed. The closed-form solution of the partial differential equation with a nonlinear boundary condition is derived and then the corresponding frequency shifts of higher modes can be determined easily. Moreover, the conventional perturbation method is usually used to determine the frequency shift, but only for the first mode. This is because the original continuous beam system is transformed into a discrete lumped-masses model. Although the above disadvantages exist, the lumped-masses model is simple and intuitive. Using the principle of dynamic strain energy, the conventional perturbation method is revised successfully to determine the frequency shifts of higher modes. The assessment of the generalized perturbation method and the proposed method is made. Finally, the effects of several parameters on the first three frequency shifts are investigated.     

On-machine measurement using a noncontact sensor based on a CAD model

Once a machining process is finished, an inspection process is carried out to check whether the part is within dimensional tolerances. A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is a general metrological device for assessment of dimensions on the shop floor. It cannot be ignored, however, that CMM measurements require significant resources in operating time and cost, which has led to many studies into on-machine measurement (OMM) systems. This study aims to develop an OMM system with a noncontacting laser displacement sensing apparatus and a computer-aided design (CAD) model for ease of operation, improved operating speed, and free form profiling. The system is composed of two software modules, one for sensor alignment with the machine tool and the other for measurement based on CAD/CAM (computer-aided machining). Consequently, the system was verified on the shop floor at a numerical control (NC) machining center.     

基于因特网的设备远程诊断中心的设计

介绍了设备远程诊断技术的发展现状，讨论了设备远程诊断中心结构设计中的向个基本问题，对远程诊断的结构进行了功能划分，提出了基于浏览器／服务器3层结构的工作模式，对远程诊断各功能模块的实现方式进行了分析和讨论，给出了远程诊断急待解决的关键问题，对我国设备远程诊断技术进行了展望。     

我国泵CAD技术的特点及发展

综述了我国泵CAD的发展过程和技术特点，分析了我国泵CAD技术的不足点，提出了新世纪我国泵CAD技术将向三维实体造型、CAM和CFD技术相结合、结构设计等方向发展的趋势。     

数字式密度仪测定牛羊油的密度及不确定度评定

介绍了DMA4500型数字式密度仪测定牛羊油的密度,分析测量结果的影响因素,依据中华人民共和国国家计量技术规范JJF 1059-1999,对测量结果的不确定度进行评定和表示。其扩展不确定度U=1×10-4g/cm3,置信概率95%,满足我国现行标准要求。