上海九间堂别墅之一，中国

上海九间堂别墅位于上海浦东世纪公园东侧，占地10hm^2，建有4幢别墅和一栋会所，总建筑面积28000m^2，参加此项目设计的建筑师共有6位，这里介绍的是矶崎新的设计。     

Effect of temperature on reaction rate and microbial community in composting of cattle manure with rice straw

The effects of temperature on microbial communities and mass reduction in composting were studied by comparing the mesophilic process with the thermophilic process of cattle manure-rice straw composting for 21 d. The respiratory quinone content (indicator of microbial biomass) continuously increased in the mesophilic process, but in the thermophilic process, it was much higher after 3 d and then decreased to the same level as that in the mesophilic process after 21 d. The diversity of quinones increased continuously in both the mesophilic and thermophilic processes with a higher value in the thermophilic process. The mesophilic microbial community was characterized by the predominance of ubiquinones and menaquinone (MK-8), which correspond to Proteobacteria and fungi. The thermophilic microbial community was characterized by the dominance of MK-7 in the initial period, and increases in the amounts of menaquinones with long and partially-saturated side chains in the later period, corresponding to Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, respectively. DNA fingerprinting by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S ribosomal RNA genes also confirmed that diversity of microbial communities increased but differently in the two processes. Our results suggest that mesophilic composting is more effective for mass reduction in cattle manure composting than thermophilic composting because of the higher decomposition activity of the microbial community characterized by the predominance of Proteobacteria and fungi.     

Enhanced anaerobic biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls in burnt soil culture

Anaerobic microbial degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Kanechlors-300 and -400 was enhanced significantly by adding burnt soil originally obtained from an uncontaminated paddy soil to the microbial culture. The maximum PCB-degrading activity was 0.49 nmol-Cl/ml-culture/day (238 ng-total-PCBs/ml-culture/day), where the degradation was observed in most of the congeners in Kanechlors-300 and -400: not only in meta- and para-substituted congeners but also ortho-substituted congeners. The degradation of PCBs occurred during the increase in the microbial population with acetate as the main electron donor. The ratio between the consumption of electron donors and the dechlorination of PCBs was revealed to be 93.9 nmol-Cl/mmol-e-donor, which is also the dechlorination efficiency over 56 d of incubation. The addition of acetate and lactate several times into the culture rejuvenated the activity.     

Pressure balance at the liquid-liquid interface of micro countercurrent flows in microchips

An interfacial pressure balance model was proposed and verified for the elucidation of the physical mechanism of micro countercurrent flow in a hydrophilic-hydrophobic selective-modification microchannel. We considered the conditions of the microflow phase separation, where the phase separation entails a single phase flow in each output of the microchannel. In this pressure balance model, the pressure difference between the two phases due to pressure loss in each phase is balanced by the Laplace pressure generated by the interfacial tension at the liquid-liquid interface between the separated phases. When the pressure difference between the two phases is sufficiently low, the contact line between the two phases is pinned at the boundary between the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic surfaces. Since the contact angle is restricted to values between the advancing and receding contact angles, the Laplace pressure has a limit. When the pressure difference between the two phases exceeds the limiting Laplace pressure, one of the phases leaks into the output channel of the other phase, and the phase separation fails. In order to experimentally verify this physical picture, a microchip with an asymmetric cross section, whose hydraulic diameters were 19 and 102 mum, was used. In the microchip, a phase separation of a water-toluene micro countercurrent flow was achieved under pressure differences between an upper limit of 6.9 kPa and a lower limit of -9.3 kPa. The upper limit agreed well with the proposed model. The model is also applicable to cocurrent flows, so that it is useful for general multiphase microflows in continuous-flow chemical processing.     

Experimental study of improved HAWT performance in simulated natural wind by an active controlled multi-fan wind tunnel

The effects of turbulent intensity and vortex scale of simulated natural wind on performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) are mainly investigated in this paper.In particular,the unsteadiness and turbulence of wind in Japan are stronger than ones in Europe and North America in general.Hence,Japanese engineers should take account of the velocity unsteadiness of natural wind at installed opden-air location to design a higher performance wind turbine.Using the originally designed five wind turbines on the basis of NACA and MEL blades,the dependencies of the wind frequency and vortex scale of the simulated natural wind are presented.As the results,the power coefficient of the newly designed MEL3-type rotor in the simulated natural wind is 130％ larger than one in steady wind.     

RedOx study of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell

The common technology for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) is based on a cermet (ceramic-metal composite) anode of nickel with yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), often used as the supporting structure. One of the main limitations of this technology is the tolerance of the anode towards reduction and oxidation (“RedOx”) cycles.In this study, two techniques are used to quantify the anode expansion after a RedOx cycle of the nickel at different temperatures. The first method considers the anode expansion above the electrolyte fracture limit by measuring the crack width in the electrolyte layer. In the second method, the anode porosity is measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image quantification. The same measurement techniques are used to quantify anode expansion after consecutive RedOx cycles at constant temperature.The quantification technique is then applied to cells tested in real stack conditions. The cell corners can undergo several RedOx cycles depending on stack design and fuel utilization. The study of such zones allows estimating the number of cycles that the anode experienced locally.     

Fluorescent biological aerosol particles: Concentrations,emissions, and exposures in a northern California residence

Residences represent an important site for bioaerosol exposure. We studied bioaerosol concentrations, emissions, and exposures in a single‐family residence in northern California with 2 occupants using real‐time instrumentation during 2 monitoring campaigns (8 weeks during August‐October 2016 and 5 weeks during January‐March 2017). Time‐ and size‐resolved fluorescent biological aerosol particles (FBAP) and total airborne particles were measured in real time in the kitchen using an ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (UVAPS). Time‐resolved occupancy status, household activity data, air‐change rates, and spatial distribution of size‐resolved particles were also determined throughout the house. Occupant activities strongly influenced indoor FBAP levels. Indoor FBAP concentrations were an order of magnitude higher when the house was occupied than when the house was vacant. Applying an integral material‐balance approach, geometric mean of total FBAP emissions from human activities observed to perturb indoor levels were in the range of 10‐50 million particles per event. During the summer and winter campaigns, occupants spent an average of 10 and 8.5 hours per day, respectively, awake and at home. During these hours, the geometric mean daily‐averaged FBAP exposure concentration (1‐10 μm diameter) was similar for each subject at 40 particles/L for summer and 29 particles/L for winter.     

Detailed investigation of ventilation rates and airflow patterns in a northern California residence

Building ventilation rates and indoor airflow conditions influence occupants’ exposure to indoor air pollutants. By making time‐ and space‐resolved measurement of 3 inert tracers steadily released in a single‐family house in California for 8 weeks in summer and 5 weeks in winter, this study quantifies the air change rate of the living zone with 2‐hour time resolution; estimates airflow rates between the living zone, attic, and crawlspace; and characterizes mixing of air in the split‐level living space. Occupant behaviors altered the air change rates, primarily through opening windows and secondarily through operating the heating system. The air change rate correlated with the number of window openings, accounting for 57% of the variability measured across 2 seasons. There were substantial upward interzonal airflows between the crawlspace, living zone, and attic; downward airflows were negligible by comparison. More than 70% of the airflow entering the living zone in the winter and at night during summer came through the crawlspace, rather than directly from outdoors. The airflow from the living zone to the attic increased with the attic‐outdoor temperature difference, indicating that buoyancy associated with solar heating of the attic induced airflow from the living zone, increasing the air change rate.     

Robust estimation of body temperature based on clustering

This paper proposes a method for estimating the body temperature using a temperature sensor installed on the inside surface of a blood‐pressure cuff. It is known that the skin surface temperature changes with the outside temperature so that the human body temperature is kept constant. In this paper, based on this property, the body temperature is estimated from the skin surface temperature and the outside temperature measured concurrently while the blood pressure is measured. Considering the actual situation, the estimation could be difficult when the temperature of the blood‐pressure meter cuff is greatly different from that of upper arm skin, for example. To solve the problem, we classify in advance various learning samples into multiple classes with different sets of parameters to estimate the body temperature. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.