Probabilistic evaluation of lateral extent of soil liquefaction under earthquake loading

A Monte Carlo simulation method for calculating the probability of soil liquefaction of a finite area in which the ground motion is propagated upward from the bedrock through the soil layers is presented. The vertical propagation of the ground motion through the soil layers is analyzed using random vibration analysis. To account for the variability of soil properties with depth, the soil deposit is divided into layers. Within each layer the horizontal statistical correlation of the undrained cyclic shearing strength against liquefaction is taken into consideration by describing it as a two-dimensional homogeneous random field. The method computes the probability of liquefaction spreading over a specified area under a given earthquake loading considering the effects of spatial correlation of soil properties.     

A neural network control system with parallel adaptive enhancementsapplicable to nonlinear servomechanisms

In this paper, we present a technique for using an additional parallel neural network to provide adaptive enhancements to a basic fixed neural network-based nonlinear control system. This proposed parallel adaptive neural network control system is applicable to nonlinear dynamical systems of the type commonly encountered in many practical position control servomechanisms. Properties of the controller are discussed, and it is shown that if Gaussian radial basis function networks are used for the additional parallel neural network, uniformly stable adaptation is assured and the approximation error converges to zero asymptotically. In the paper, the effectiveness of the proposed parallel adaptive neural network control system is demonstrated in real-time implementation experiments for position control in a servomechanism with asymmetrical loading and changes in the load     

Impact of nonuniform graded dopant profile in polysilicon gate on gate leakage current

In a MOSFET, a nonuniform, graded vertical dopant profile in the polysilicon gate causes a potential drop at the polysilicon/oxide interface. In this paper, the effect of this potential drop on the gate leakage current has been evaluated for the first time. The extent of variations of this affected gate leakage current with gate oxide thickness, gate length, and gate and drain bias conditions have been assessed with device simulation for an nMOS at 0.13 /spl mu/m low-voltage process. The results provide a guideline to the severity of this effect from the point of view of device and circuit operation and standby power consumption.     

A model for the seismic reliability assessment of electric power transmission systems

A comprehensive model to evaluate the seismic reliability of electric power transmission systems is presented. The model provides information on the probability of structural failure of critical equipment at the major substations, from which the corresponding probabilities of power disruption to a given service area are determined. With the proposed methodology earthquake ground motions are defined as stochastic processes, and seismic capacities of electrical equipment are determined on the basis of available test data and simple modeling, from which fragility functions of critical equipment and specific substations are developed. Probabilities of power disruption resulting from network disconnectivity and abnormal power flow are assessed through Monte Carlo simulation. As a case study, the proposed model is applied to the electric power network in San Francisco and vicinity under the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and the probabilities of power interruption are contrasted with the actual power failures observed during that earthquake.     

复合功能陶瓷中的晶界渗流模型

在复合陶瓷材料中提出了晶界控制的渗液模，考虑晶界效应对渗流阀值的影响，采用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ模拟，计算得到三维ＦＣＣ晶格点阵的渗流阀值约为４．５％。该结果与实验数据符合得很好。     

Railgun performance with a two-stage light-gas gun injector

Results obtained with the HELEOS (hypervelocity experimental launcher for equation of state) railgun, which uses a two-stage light-gas gun (2SLGG) as an injector, are presented. The high-velocity 2SLGG injector preaccelerates projectiles up to ~7 km/s. The high injection velocity reduces the exposure duration of the railgun barrel to the passing high temperature plasma armature, thereby reducing the ablation and subsequent armature growth. The 2SLGG also provides a column of cool, high-pressure hydrogen gas to insulate the rails behind the projectile, thereby eliminating restrike. A means to form an armature behind the injected projectile has been developed. In preliminary tests, the third-stage railgun has successfully increased the projectile velocity by 1.35 km/s. Extensive diagnostics have been used to determine the behavior of the armature and track the launcher's performance. Insome cases, velocity increases in the railgun section have been achieved, which are in close agreement with theoretical predictions, whereas in other experiments deviations from theoretical have been observed. The reasons for and implications of these results are addressed. Recent tests are reported     

绝缘油对复合绝缘子伞裙性能的影响及其变形原因分析

复合绝缘子在变电站涉油设备装配过程中可能因人为操作、密封性能不佳等原因,其伞裙会因接触绝缘油而出现变形.为进一步研究绝缘油对复合绝缘子伞裙的影响并分析其变形原因,采用绝缘油处理伞裙硅橡胶材料,分析了硅橡胶的体积变化、化学结构、憎水性、力学性能、电气性能.结果表明:绝缘油导致硅橡胶的体积变大,断裂伸长率、拉伸强度、撕裂强度、硬度减小,这与伞裙硅橡胶材料的物理溶胀有关.基于此,利用滴油装置及绝缘子模拟再现伞裙发生变形的过程,最终提出一种利用热处理恢复伞裙形变的方法.     

Ultrahigh-performance planar β-Ga_2O_3 solar-blind Schottky photodiode detectors

The low dark current, high responsivity and high specific detectivity could be preferably achieved in detectors based on junctions, owing to the efficient constraint of carriers. Compared with the other junctions, planar Schottky junctions have simple structures and technological demands and are easy integrated. Herein, in this work, we prepared the β-Ga_2O_3 thin film by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition method to construct planar Ti/β-Ga_2O_3/Ni Schottky photodiode detectors with different onstate resistances. Fortunately, all the devices exhibit state-of-the-art performances, such as responsivity of 175–1372 A W~(-1),specific detectivity of 10~(14) Jones and external quantum efficiency of 85700%–671500%. In addition, the dependences of device performances on the on-state resistances indicate that the higher dark currents, photocurrents and photoresponsivities may well be obtained when on-state resistance is smaller, due to the less external power is used to overcome the impendence and condensance at the Ti/β-Ga_2O_3 and Ni/β-Ga_2O_3 interfaces, but contributing to higher electric current flow both in the dark and under illuminations.     

Cobalt nanoparticle decorated N-doped carbons derived from a cobalt covalent organic framework for oxygen electrochemistry

The low cost and highly efficient construction of electrocatalysts has attracted significant attention owing to the use of clean and sustainable energy technologies. In this work, cobalt nanoparticle decorated N-doped carbons (Co@NC) are synthesized by the pyrolysis of a cobalt covalent organic framework under an inert atmosphere. The Co@NC demonstrates improved electrocatalytic capabilities compared to N-doped carbon without the addition of Co nanoparticles, indicating the important role of cobalt. The well-dispersed active sites (Co–N_x) and the synergistic effect between the carbon matrix and Co nanoparticles greatly enhance the electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction. In addition, the Co content has a significant effect on the catalytic activity. The resulting Co@NC-0.86 exhibits a superb electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction in an alkaline electrolyte in terms of the onset potential (0.90 V), half-wave potential (0.80 V) and the limiting current density (4.84 mA·cm^–2), and a high selectivity, as well as a strong methanol tolerance and superior durability, these results are comparable to those of the Pt/C catalyst. Furthermore, the superior bifunctional activity of Co@NC-0.86 was also confirmed in a home-built Zn-air battery, signifying the possibility for application in electrode materials and in current energy conversion and storage devices.     

无机陶瓷膜烟气余热回收特性实验研究

燃煤电站锅炉排放湿饱和烟气导致大量低温余热损失。无机陶瓷膜耐酸碱、具有较强的化学稳定性,是回收烟气低温余热的理想材料。以无机陶瓷膜为核心开展烟气余热回收实验,分析了锅炉尾部低温烟气特征参数;以316 L不锈钢为比较对象,探讨了无机陶瓷膜在提高热回收功率及复合传热系数等方面的强化作用。结果表明:烟气余热回收以水分的汽化潜热回收为主,占比约为90%;循环水作为冷却介质,烟气余热回收能力更强;与循环水相比,以空气作为冷却介质时,无机陶瓷膜烟气余热回收强化效果更加显著,强化系数高达9;增大烟气流量有助于提高热回收功率与复合传热系数;同时无机陶瓷膜还可以回收水质较高的冷凝水。本文研究结果可为无机陶瓷膜应用于烟气余热回收提供参考。