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991.
Luis Juana Raúl Sánchez Leonor Rodríguez-Sinobas Francisco Laguna 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2009,135(2):186-199
This technical paper presents analytical expressions to estimate the probability function of head losses in any path of an on-demand branched irrigation network. They are developed for estimating the probability of pressure deficit of a given magnitude at any hydrant. They are also useful for examining the probability of a power deficit at a pumping station designed to guarantee service to a hydrant, as well as the head characteristic curve of the distribution system linked to a definite probability. All this quantified information is useful for decision making on network design and performance. The probabilities calculated with the developed expressions can be taken as complementary or alternative concepts to Clément’s classical design flow method, which is taken here as a benchmark for comparisons. Illustrative examples of network designs are presented to validate the proposed expressions. The least cost design solutions using Clément’s design flows are compared with design solutions here obtained to get the same probability of pressure deficit at the most unfavorable hydrants. The new solutions are less expensive because the flow constraint can be avoided. 相似文献
992.
993.
Trade relationships connect developed and developing countries. The former produces a consumption good, using labor, capital, and an intermediate “natural” good which is produced in the developing countries using labor and natural species. A finite horizon differential game is settled out. The North decides about either the saving rate or the portion of its disposable income to transfer to the South or both variables jointly. The South selects the range of species used in the production of the intermediate “natural” good required in the North’s productive process. This is a measure of biodiversity loss. The aim of the paper is to study how transfers from North to South affect capital growth and biodiversity conservation.
相似文献
Guiomar Martín-Herrán (Corresponding author)Email: Fax: +34-983-423299 |
994.
995.
Francisco A Toms‐Barbern Isabel Martos Federico Ferreres Branka S Radovic Elke Anklam 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》2001,81(5):485-496
The HPLC phenolic profiles of 52 selected unifloral honey samples produced in Europe were analysed to detect possible markers for the floral origin of the different honeys. Lime‐tree (five markers), chestnut (five markers), rapeseed (one marker), eucalyptus (six markers) and heather (three markers) honeys had specific markers with characteristic UV spectra. In addition, the flavanone hesperetin was confirmed as a marker for citrus honey, as well as kaempferol for rosemary honey and quercetin for sunflower honey. Abscisic acid, which had been reported to be a possible marker for heather honey, was also detected in rapeseed, lime‐tree and acacia honeys. Ellagic acid in heather honey and the hydroxycinnamates caffeic, p‐coumaric and ferulic acids in chestnut, sunflower, lavender and acacia honeys were also detected. The characteristic propolis‐derived flavonoids pinocembrin, pinobanksin and chrysin were present in most samples in variable amounts. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
996.
Summary
The copolymerization of styrene with 1-alkene (1-hexene, 1-decene and 1-hexadecene) has been tested using combined diphenylzinc-additive
initiator systems, including diphenylzinc (Ph2Zn), a metallocene and methylaluminoxane (MAO). The metallocene were biscyclopentadienyltitanium dichloride, bis(n-butylcyclopentadienyl)titanium
dichloride, cyclopentadienyltitanium trichloride and bisindenylzirconium dichloride. For Ph2Zn-metallocene-MAO systems, titanocenes gave mainly syndiotactic homo polystyrene irrespective of the styrene/1-alkene proportion
in the initial feed. Systems including Ind2ZrCl2 were able to copolymerize styrene 1-alkene with the copolymers incorporating alkene in a lower proportion than the present
in the initial feed.
Keywords: Styrene copolymerization; diphenylzinc; metallocene catalysts; tacticity.
Received: 17 November 2000/Revised version: 9 May 2001/Accepted: 10 May 2001 相似文献
997.
Mercedes Jimenez Josefa Escribano Manuela Pérez-Gilabert Soledad Chazarra Juana Cabanes Francisco García-Carmona 《Lipids》2001,36(10):1169-1174
Patatin was extracted from potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Spunta) and purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate salt fractionation and one sole chromatographic step. A spectrophotometric
mixed micellar assay for patatin lipid acyl hydrolase (LAH) activity was designed with the detergent octaethylene glycol monododecyl
ether (C12E8). Patatin LAH used p-nitrophenyl butyrate (PNP-butyrate) as substrate when solubilized in (C12E8) micelles. In the mixed micellar system, patatin LAH responds to the PNP-butyrate surface concentration expressed as mol%
(=[PNP-butyrate]·100/([detergent]-critical micellar concentration)) and not to the molarity of PNP-butyrate. The kinetic parameters
were determinined; V
max was independent of the mixed micelle concentration, as was K
m, when expressed as mol%. However, K
m was dependent on C12E8 concentration when expressed in molar concentration. C12E8/PNP-butyrate proved to be a reliable system for assaying patatin LAH activity and is superior to the commonly used Triton
X-100 and SDS methods. It permits investigation of the substrate requirements of patatin LAH activity because the concentration-independent
K
m can be determined both in mol% and as the absolute number of substrate molecules per micelle. In addition, the detergent
did not affect the enzyme activity. 相似文献
998.
Microstructural Evolution in Liquid-Phase-Sintered SiC: Part I, Effect of Starting Powder 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Huiwen Xu Tania Bhatia Swarnima A. Deshpande Nitin P. Padture Angel L. Ortiz Francisco L. Cumbrera 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2001,84(7):1578-1584
The effect of starting SiC powder (β-SiC or α-SiC), with simultaneous additions of Al2 O3 and Y2 O3 , on the microstructural evolution of liquid-phase-sintered (LPS) SiC has been studied. When using α-SiC starting powder, the resulting microstructures contain hexagonal platelike α-SiC grains with an average aspect ratio of 1.4. This anisotropic coarsening is consistent with interface energy anisotropy in α-SiC. When using β-SiC starting powder, the β→α phase transformation induces additional anisotropy in the coarsening of platelike SiC grains. A strong correlation between the extent of β→α phase transformation, as determined using quantitative XRD analysis, and the average grain aspect ratio is observed, with the maximum average aspect ratio reaching 3.8. Based on these observations and additional SEM and TEM characterizations of the microstructures, a model for the growth of these high-aspect-ratio SiC grains is proposed. 相似文献
999.
Jonas Gregorio de Souza Francisco Silva Noelli Marco Madella 《Journal of the Royal Society Interface》2021,18(183)
The expansion of forest farmers across tropical lowland South America during the Late Holocene has long been connected to climate change. The more humid conditions established during the Late Holocene are assumed to have driven the expansion of forests, which would have facilitated the dispersal of cultures that practised agroforestry. The Tupi, a language family of widespread distribution in South America, occupies a central place in the debate. Not only are they one of the largest families in the continent, but their expansion from an Amazonian homeland has long been hypothesized to have followed forested environments wherever they settled. Here, we assess that hypothesis using a simulation approach. We employ equation-based and cellular automaton models, simulating demic-diffusion processes under two different scenarios: a null model in which all land cells can be equally settled, and an alternative model in which non-forested cells cannot be settled or delay the expansion. We show that including land cover as a constraint to movement results in a better approximation of the Tupi expansion as reconstructed by archaeology and linguistics. 相似文献
1000.
Jos Carballo Paloma Fernndez Giovana Barreto Maria T Solas Francisco Jimnez Colmenero 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》1996,72(1):40-48
A study was made of the effect that final internal processing temperature (63, 70 and 78°C) and chilling storage (2°C) exerted on the characteristics (cooking loss, purge loss, colour, Instron texture profile analysis) of high-fat (242 g kg−1) and low-fat (100 g kg−1) bologna sausage. High-fat sausages were harder and chewier than low-fat sausages. Lower fat contents were accompanied by a significant reduction in the cooking loss and purge loss. Binding properties were not affected ( P> 0·05) by final internal cooking temperature. In general, Hunter colour parameter a values were higher in low-fat samples subjected to a high final internal cooking temperature than in those cooked up to only 63°C. High internal temperatures produced harder meat emulsions, an effect which was more pronounced in high-fat than in low-fat sausages. Cohesiveness and springiness of sausages was not affected ( P> 0·05) by heat treatment. There were no major variations in textural parameters as a result of chilled storage. 相似文献